Ua ʻōlelo pū ʻo Seneca inā hoʻokahi wale nō wahi i koe ma ka Honua kahi e ʻike ai i nā hōkū, e hoʻoikaika nā kānaka āpau i kēia wahi. ʻOiai me ka liʻiliʻi o ka noʻonoʻo, hiki iā ʻoe ke haku i nā kiʻi a me nā hoʻolālā holoʻokoʻa ma nā ʻano kumuhana like ʻole mai nā hōkū twinkling. Ua hoʻokō ʻia ka hemolele ma kēia mākaukau e nā kilo hōkū, nā mea i hoʻohui i nā hōkū ʻaʻole wale kekahi i kekahi, akā ʻike pū nō hoʻi i ka pilina o nā hōkū me nā hanana honua.
ʻOiai me ka ʻono ʻole o ka hana noʻeau a me ka lilo ʻole i nā teori charlatan, paʻakikī e ʻaʻole e pio i ka leʻaleʻa o ka lani hōkū. Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hiki i kēia mau kukui liʻiliʻi ke lilo i mau mea nunui a i ʻole ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau hōkū. ʻAʻole paha i loaʻa kekahi o nā hōkū ʻike ʻia - ma hope o nā mea āpau, ʻike mākou i ka mālamalama i hoʻomālamalama ʻia e kekahi mau hōkū he mau kaukani mau makahiki i hala. A, ʻoiai, ʻo kēlā me kēia o mākou, e hāpai ana i ko mākou poʻo i ka lani, ma ka liʻiliʻi i hoʻokahi manawa, akā noʻonoʻo: pehea inā kekahi o kēia mau hōkū e like nā mea like me mākou?
1. I ke ao, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia nā hōkū mai ka ʻili o ka Honua, ʻaʻole no ka ʻā ʻana o ka Lā - i ke ākea, e kūʻē ana i ke kumu o kahi lani ʻeleʻele loa, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia nā hōkū a kokoke i ka Lā. Hoʻopilikia ka lewa uila i ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōkū mai ka Honua.
2. ʻO nā moʻolelo i ka lā e ʻike ʻia ai nā hōkū mai kahi luawai lawa kūpono a mai ke kumu o kahi chimney kiʻekiʻe he mau manaʻo kuhi ʻole. ʻO nā mea ʻelua mai ka luawai a i loko o ka paipu, ʻike wale ʻia kahi wahi mālamalama o ka lani. ʻO ka Tube wale nō e ʻike ai ʻoe i nā hōkū i ke ao, he teleskopa. Ma waho aʻe o ka Lā a me ka Mahina, i ka lā i ka lani hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike iā Venus (a laila pono ʻoe e ʻike pono i kahi e nānā ai), ʻo Jupiter (ʻo ka ʻike e pili ana i nā mea i ʻike ʻia he contradictory) a me Sirius (kiʻekiʻe loa i nā kuahiwi).
3. ʻO ka ʻālohilohi o nā hōkū kekahi hopena o ka lewa, ʻaʻole ia, ʻoiai i ke anilā malie loa, kūpaʻa. I ka lewa, ʻālohilohi nā hōkū me kahi kukui monotonous.
4. Hiki ke hōʻike ʻia ka pālākiō o nā mamao cosmic i nā helu, akā paʻakikī loa ke nānā aku iā lākou. ʻO ke anakahi liʻiliʻi o ka mamao i hoʻohana ʻia e nā ʻepekema, ka mea i kapa ʻia. kahi unit astronomical (ma kahi o 150 miliona km), e pili ana i ka unahi, hiki ke hōʻike ʻia penei. Ma kekahi kihi o ka laina mua o ka pā tenite, pono ʻoe e kau i kahi pōpō (e hoʻokani ia i ke ʻano o ka Lā), a i kekahi - he kinipōpō me ke anawaena o 1 mm (ʻo kēia ka Honua). ʻO ka kinipōpō peku ʻelua, e hōʻike nei iā Proxima Centauri, ka hōkū kokoke iā mākou, e pono e kau ʻia ma kahi o 250,000 km mai ka pā.
5. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hōkū ʻoi loa ʻekolu o ka honua i ka hemisphere hema. ʻO ka hōkū mālamalama loa i ko mākou hemisphere, ʻo Arcturus, kahi ʻehā wale nō. Akā i loko o ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe, aia nā hōkū ma ke kaulike: ʻelima ma ka hemisphere ʻelima, ʻelima ma ka hema.
6. Ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā hōkū i ʻike ʻia e nā kilo hōkū nā hōkū binary. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia lākou a hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻelua mau hōkū ākea, akā ʻoi aku kēia he ala kiʻekiʻe loa. Hiki ke kaʻawale loa nā mea o ka hōkū binary. ʻO ke ʻano nui ke kaʻapuni a puni kahi kikowaena maʻamau o ka nui.
7. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo kuʻikuʻi i ʻike ʻia ka mea nunui ma kahi mamao aku ʻaʻole pili i ka lani hōkū: ʻo nā hōkū ʻoi loa i ʻike ʻia i ka hōkū o kēia wā, ʻo UY Shield, hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma o ka teleskopa wale nō. Inā ʻoe e hoʻokau i kēia hōkū ma kahi o ka Lā, e lilo ia i waenakonu holoʻokoʻa o ka ʻōnaehana o ka lā a i ka pōʻaiapuni o Saturn.
8. ʻO ka mea ʻoi loa ke kaumaha a ʻoi loa o nā hōkū i aʻo ʻia ʻo R136a1. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe, ʻoiai hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma kahi o ka equator ma o kahi teleskopa liʻiliʻi. Aia kēia hōkū ma ka Kapua Nui Magellanic. ʻO R136a1 ka 315 manawa kaumaha ma mua o ka Lā. A ʻoi aku kona mālamalama i ka lā me 8,700,000 manawa. I loko o ka wā o ka nānā ʻana, ua nui a māhuahua ʻo Polyarnaya (e like me kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, 2.5 manawa).
9. I ka makahiki 2009, me ke kōkua o ka teleskopa Hubble, ua ʻike kekahi kime o nā hōkū honua i kahi mea i loko o ka Beetle Nebula nona ka wela i ʻoi aku ma mua o nā kekelē 200,000. ʻAʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hōkū ponoʻī, aia ma waenakonu o ka nebula. Manaʻo ʻia ʻo kēia ke kumu o ka hōkū pahū, ka mea i mālama i kona mahana mua, a ʻo ka Beetle Nebula ponoʻī kāna mau pūhaka i hoʻopuehu ʻia.
10. ʻO ka mahana o ka hōkū anu ʻo 2,700 kekelē. He dwarf keʻokeʻo kēia hōkū. Komo ʻo ia i ka ʻōnaehana me kekahi hōkū ʻoi aku ka wela a me ka mālamalama ma mua o kāna hoa. Hoʻomaulia ʻia ka mahana o ka hōkū anuanu "ma ka piko o kahi hulu" - ʻaʻole i hiki i nā ʻepekema ke ʻike i ka hōkū a i ʻole kiʻi i kāna kiʻi. ʻIke ʻia ka ʻōnaehana ma kahi o 900 mau makahiki māmā mai ka Honua i ka hōkū ʻo Aquarius.
ʻĀpana konohiki
11. ʻAʻole ʻoi loa ka nani o ka Hōkū ʻĀkau. Wahi a kēia mea hōʻike, hoʻopili wale ʻia ia i nā hōkū ʻike kakini ʻelima. ʻO kona kaulana ma muli wale nō ia o ka hana maoli ʻole e hoʻololi i kona kūlana i ka lani. ʻO ka Hōkū ʻĀkau he 46 mau manawa ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o ka Lā a 2,500 mau manawa mālamalama ma mua o ko mākou hōkū.
12. I ka wehewehe ʻana o ka lani hōkū, hoʻohana ʻia nā helu nunui, a i ʻole ʻōlelo pinepine ʻia e pili ana i ka pau ʻole o ka nui o nā hōkū i ka lani. Inā mai kahi manaʻo ʻepekema, ʻaʻole kēia ala e hāpai i nā nīnau, a laila i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā ʻokoʻa nā mea āpau. ʻO ka helu kiʻekiʻena o nā hōkū i hiki i kahi kanaka me ka ʻike maʻamau ke ʻike ʻaʻole ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000. A aia kēia i nā kūlana kūpono - me ka pouli piha a me ka lani maopopo. I nā hoʻonohonoho, nā mea nui paha, ʻaʻole paha e hiki ke helu ʻia hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua tausani hōkū.
13. ʻAʻole ka metallicity o nā hōkū i ka ʻike o nā metala i loko o lākou. ʻOi aku kēia mea o nā mea i loko o lākou ma mua o ka helium. He metallicity o ka lā o 1.3%, a ʻo kahi hōkū i kapa ʻia ʻo Algeniba 34%. ʻO ka nui o ka hao o ka hōkū, ʻo ke kokoke loa ia i ka hopena o kona ola.
14. ʻO nā hōkū āpau a mākou e ʻike ai i ka lani no nā Kalikimaka ʻekolu: ko mākou ʻAla Milky a me nā Triangulum a me nā galaxy Andromeda. A pili wale kēia i nā hōkū ʻike maka ʻole ʻia. Ma o ka teleskopa Hubble wale nō i hiki ai ke ʻike i nā hōkū ma nā galaxies ʻē aʻe.
15. Mai hoʻohuihui i nā galaxies a me nā hōkū hōkū. ʻO Constellation kahi manaʻo ʻike wale. Hiki ke loaʻa nā hōkū a mākou i ka hōkū like i mau miliona o nā makahiki māmā mai kēlā me kēia. ʻAno like nā galaxies me nā archipelagos - kokoke kokoke kekahi i nā hōkū i loko o lākou.
16. ʻokoʻa loa nā hōkū, akā ʻokoʻa loa ka ʻokoʻa o ka hoʻohui kemika. Hoʻokomo nui ʻia lākou o ka hydrogen (ma kahi o 3/4) a me ka helium (ma kahi o 1/4). Me ka makahiki, ʻo ka helium i ka hoʻohui o ka hōkū e lilo hou, hydrogen - emi. ʻO nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau e helu maʻamau ma lalo o 1% o ka nui o ka hōkū.
17. ʻO ka ʻōlelo pili e pili ana i ka mea hahai holoholona e makemake e ʻike i kahi e noho ai ka pheasant, i haku ʻia e hoʻopaʻanaʻau i ke kaʻina o nā kala i ka laulaha, hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia i ka mahana o nā hōkū. ʻO nā hōkū ʻulaʻula ke anuanu, ʻo nā mea uliuli ka wela.
18. ʻOiai ʻo nā palapala ʻāina mua o ka lani hōkū me nā hōkū i loko o ka II millennium BC. e., nā palena mōakāka o ka hōkū i loaʻa wale i ka 1935 ma hope o ke kūkā kamaʻilio ʻana i hala he ʻumi a me ka hapa ka lōʻihi. Loaʻa 88 mau hōkū i ka huina.
19. Me ka pololei maikaʻi hiki ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka nui o ka "utilitarian" ka inoa o ka hōkū, ʻo ia ka mea i wehewehe ʻia ma hope. Ua kapa ka poʻe kahiko i nā hōkū i nā inoa o nā akua a i ʻole akua wahine, a i ʻole hāʻawi i nā inoa poetic i nā ʻōnaehana hōkū. ʻOi aku ka maʻalahi o nā inoa o kēia manawa: ʻo nā hōkū ma luna o Antarctica, no ka laʻana, hoʻohui maʻalahi ʻia i Clock, Compass, Compass, etc.
20. ʻO nā hōkū kahi ʻāpana kaulana o nā hae mokuʻāina. ʻO ka hapanui aia lākou ma nā hae e like me ka hoʻonaninani, akā i kekahi manawa he kūlana astronomical kā lākou. Hōʻike nā hae o Australia a me New Zealand i ka hōkū o ke Kea Hema - ʻo ka mea ʻoi loa o ka Hemisphere Hema. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka New Zealand Southern Cross he ʻehā mau hōkū, a ʻo ka Australia - ʻo 5. ʻO ka Cross Cross ʻelima mau hōkū kahi ʻāpana o ka hae o Papua New Guinea. Ua hele nui aku ka Brazilians - hōʻike kā lākou hae i kahi papa lani lani ma luna o ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Rio de Janeiro e like me 9 mau hola 22 mau minuke 43 kekona ma Nowemapa 15, 1889 - ka manawa i hoʻolaha ʻia ai ke kūʻokoʻa o ka ʻāina.
