He ʻepekema hoihoi loa ʻo Genetics. He nui nā polopeka a me nā kānaka noiʻi o kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa e hānai nei i ka poʻe maʻamau me nā moʻolelo o kā lākou hana i nā makahiki he nui. ʻIke mau lākou, wehewehe, wehe a wehewehe i nā ʻano mea āpau. Mai nā nūhou o nā genetics, hiki iā mākou ke aʻo i nā koʻohune i nā ʻenemi kūpaʻa antibiotic, no ke aha nā ilo mai Bermuda glow, pehea ka lehulehu a me Indochina i ulu ai i ka wā kahiko, a, he ʻano kūpono ʻole ia akā hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i nā ʻōiwi kanaka. ʻAʻohe hopena kūpono i nā mea i loaʻa i ka genologist.
Ma kahi kaʻawale, pono ia e noho i ka hipa kope ʻO Dolly, kahi i hoʻolaha nui ʻia ma mua o nā hōkū pop. ʻAʻole wale ia, e like me ka hoʻokomo pono ʻana o kekahi o nā loiloi iā ia, ʻo ke kaʻina hana like me ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hipa hou me ke komo ʻana o ka hipa kāne e ʻoi aku ana ka liʻiliʻi o ka manawa a ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke komo ʻana o ka ʻepekema. Ua noho ʻo Dolly i ka hapalua o ka manawa i hāʻawi ʻia i nā hipa - 6 mau makahiki ma kahi o 12 - 16 - a ua make pū kekahi ia no kahi kumu ʻike ʻole ʻia. No laila, ua noho ke keiki hipa kaulana loa ma ka honua, ua nānā ʻia e nā polopeka, akā ʻaʻole ia i ʻike ʻia mai ka mea i make. ʻO ka nīnau no ke aha i hoʻomaka ai kahi hoʻokolohua lōʻihi a pipiʻi hoʻi e kāpae koke ʻia ma ke ʻano kūpono ʻole - ua kālani lākou ia! A mai ia manawa, ua ʻoki ʻia nā ʻīlio, nā pōpoki, a me nā kāmelo, a me nā crocodiles, a me nā macaque. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kope o nā holoholona ke ola hauʻoli. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole pololei nā kope - pili mau ke kaiapuni ...
I ko mākou ʻāina, loaʻa i nā genetics kāna moʻolelo ponoʻī. E pili ana iā ia, ʻōlelo lākou, ma lalo o Stalin ua ʻōlelo lākou he kaikamahine kolohe ʻo ia o ka imperialism, a ua luku ʻia nā genetics āpau me nā genetistists. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, aia kahi hakakā ʻepekema maʻamau no ke kālā a me ka nānā o nā luna. ʻO kekahi hui ʻepekema, alakaʻi ʻia e T. Lysenko, ua kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā ʻano mea kanu hou, hoʻonui i nā hua, a pēlā aku. Ua makemake ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe e komo i ka ʻepekema maʻemaʻe, ʻoiai ʻaʻole e hoʻohiki i nā hopena wikiwiki a i ʻole nā hopena. A ʻaʻole lākou i hakakā me nā genetics āpau, akā me hoʻokahi wale nō o kāna mau lālā, ka mea i kapa ʻia "Weismanism-Morganism". I ka manawa like, ʻo ka Institute of Genetics, hoʻokumu ʻia ma 1933, ʻaʻole i hooki i kāna hana. Ke hana nei i kēia manawa. A ʻo ka papa inoa o nā mea i kūleʻa o Soviet a laila nā Lūkini genistist e hoʻopili nei i ke kākau ʻana i kahi puke aʻo a “kahi nui o nā hana ʻepekema”. ʻAʻole nā mea ʻepekema kiʻekiʻe i hoʻohauʻoli i kekahi me nā ʻano mea kanu hou, ʻaʻole hoʻi me nā ʻano holoholona hou. Hoʻomau ʻo ia e ʻike a ʻike. Eia kekahi, kēlā:
1. Inā laki ʻoe e ʻike i kahi butterfly me nā lauana ʻokoʻa loa ma luna o kona mau ʻeheu, e ʻike he hermaphrodite ia. Ma muli o ka hana hewa ʻole o ka genetic, he ʻano wahine a kāne hoʻi kēlā ʻano butterfly.
2. I ka makahiki 1993, ua hānau ʻia kahi kaikamahine i United States. Ua hānau ʻia ke pēpē i ke olakino, akā ua ulu lohi. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā loiloi he nui ua hoʻopōkole ʻia nā ʻāpana hopena o nā chromosome i loko o ke kino o ke kaikamahine, ka mea e ālai iā lākou mai ka pili ʻana o kekahi i kekahi. Ua ola ke kaikamahine i 20 mau makahiki. ʻO 7.2 kg ka nui o kona kaumaha, ua koho ʻia kona mau makahiki ma 8 mau makahiki e ke ʻano o kona mau niho, a ma 11 mau mahina e kona ulu noʻonoʻo ʻana.
3. Ma Taiwan i ka makahiki 2006, hānai ʻia nā puaʻa puaʻa, nona ke kino i ʻālohilohi i ka pouli. Ua kūleʻa nā ʻepekema i ka hoʻolauna ʻana i kahi embryo protein i loaʻa mai i nā jellyfish luminous i loko o ka lūlū DNA. Ua ʻōmaʻomaʻo ke nānā aku o nā puaʻa i ke ao, a ʻike ʻia ko lākou mea i loko i ka pōʻeleʻele.
4. Noho maluhia nā Tibet ma kahi kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai i nā poʻe i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻole ʻia mai ke kula ke ola wale nō i nā masks oxygen. Loaʻa i kahi Highlanders kahi allele o kahi ʻāpana e hoʻonui ai i ka maʻi hemoglobin i loko o ke koko, no laila loaʻa iā lākou ka oxygen ma mua o ka ea lahilahi.
5. ʻO King Charles II, ka Habsburg hope loa ma ka noho aliʻi Sepania, ʻo ia ka mamo o nā mare pili pili he nui. ʻAʻohe ona mau tūtū wahine a me nā kūpuna, akā ʻelua wale nō. Ma muli o kaʻeha, ua loaʻa iā Karl ka inoa inoa "Bewitched". Ua ola ʻo ia i 39 mau makahiki wale nō, ʻo ka hapanui o nā maʻi.
6. Ua ʻike nā kānaka āpau ʻaʻole maikaʻi nā pilina kokoke. Akā inā ʻelua mau poʻe i hānau ʻia mai ka hana pilikino i komo i loko o kahi pilina, e ʻoi aku ka olakino o kā lāua keiki ma mua o nā mākua. Kapa ʻia ka hopena "heterosis" - kahi hybrid o ka ikaika.
7. Pono pū ka pilina pili loa no nā bipi wahine o ka lāhui polū Belgian. ʻO kēia ʻano o nā bipi wahine, ka mea e hāʻawi i ka nui o ka ʻiʻo wīwī, i loaʻa wale ʻia - ma ke kino o kekahi o nā bipi i hoʻohua ʻia kahi moʻokūʻauhau ke kuleana no ka hana ʻana o kahi polokina e ālai ana i ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka nui o nā mākala. Ua hānai lākou i kēia laha me ka ʻole o nā genetics, a aʻo e pili ana i ka mutation gen ma hope loa. ʻO ka empirically, ua ʻike ʻia e pili pono nā bipi wahine me nā ʻohana pili loa.
8. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka hui ʻahamele o Madonna i kahi hui kūikawā o ka poʻe nona ka hana hoʻokahi wale nō e luku i nā mea āpau i loaʻa ka DNA o ka mea mele. Hoʻomaʻemaʻe pono kēia hui i nā lumi hōkele, nā lumi ʻaʻahu, loko o ke kaʻa a me nā keʻena ʻē aʻe kahi o Madonna ma ka liʻiliʻi no kahi manawa pōkole.
9. Ma muli o ka ʻokoʻa o ka nohona, ʻemi ka nui o ko ʻAsia Hikina i nā ʻala o ka hou ʻoluʻolu ʻole. ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i nā ʻāpana ʻokoʻa, akā nā mana ʻokoʻa o ka ʻāpana like. I ka mana "ʻEulopa", kuleana kēia ʻona no ka hana ʻana i nā protein mai ka hou. Uhaʻi nā bacteria i kēia mau protein a hana i kahi ʻala maikaʻi ʻole. ʻAʻole hana nā Asians i nā protein me ka hou, a ʻaʻohe pilikia me ka pilau.
10. ʻO nā cheetah āpau e noho nei ma ka Honua hiki ke lilo i mau keiki a hoʻokahi wale nō, i ola kupanaha i ka wā Ice. ʻAneʻane like ka DNA o nā cheetah āpau, ʻoiai i nā laha maʻamau ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hanana i 80%. ʻO ia ke kumu o ka make ʻana o nā cheetah, ʻoiai nā hana āpau a ka poʻe.
11. He chimera i loko o nā genetics kahi meaola kahi i loaʻa ai nā genetically ʻokoʻa keena. ʻO kahi laʻana maʻamau ka hoʻohui o nā embryo ʻelua i hoʻokahi. Hiki i kēia ke alakaʻi i nā maʻi laha ʻole, akā ʻo ka chimerism pinepine hiki ke ʻike ʻia me kahi hōʻike koko hohonu. ʻO ka mea kikoʻī, ua pūʻiwa loa ka American Lydia Fairchild i ka ʻike ʻana, e like me ka hōʻike DNA, ʻaʻole ʻo ia ka makuahine o ʻelua mau keiki e kū nei a me ke kolu i hāpai. Ua lilo ʻo Fairchild i chimera.
12. Ma kahi o 8% o DNA kanaka ke koena o nā virus, i loaʻa mua ʻia e ko mākou mau kūpuna mamao. Loaʻa kekahi o kēia mau koena i ka DNA o ka aneane o nā mea hānai a pau a ua manaʻo ʻia he 100 miliona mau makahiki.
13. Aia kekahi moʻo, ʻo ka hemo ʻana o ia mea hiki ke hana i ke akamai o ke kanaka. ʻIke mua ʻia i nāʻiole, nona nā keiki, ma hope o ka hemo ʻana o kēia ʻāpana, a ʻoi aku ka akamai. Ma hope, ua loaʻa ka ʻāpana i ka DNA kanaka. I kēia manawa, hāʻawi ka ʻepekema ʻepekema i ka makaʻu o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka genie mai ka ʻōmole - ʻaʻole maopopo i nā hopena a ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ke kanaka.
14. I kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻaʻole hiki i kahi kamaʻāina Swiss ke komo i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa - ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke paʻi lima ʻia no ka nalowale ʻole o nā laina papillary. Ua lilo ka manamana lima ʻole i mana ʻole ma luna o addermatoglyfina - ka ʻole o nā manamana lima ma muli o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ʻāpana i kuleana no lākou.
15. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā noiʻi genetic ua hoʻopili ʻia nā makika poʻo i loko o nā kihi o ke kino ma kahi o 170,000 mau makahiki i hala. Ua alakaʻi kēia i kahi hopena e pili ana i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka poʻe e ʻaʻa mau i nā kapa.
