He hoʻopaʻapaʻa ka mākaʻi ʻAmelika, ʻoiai he ʻoihana lawelawe kānāwai paha ma ka honua. ʻO nā mākaʻi (kāhea lākou iā lākou ma muli o ka pōkole ʻo Constable-On-the-Post, a i ʻole no ka metala i hana ʻia ai nā hōʻailona no nā mākaʻi mua, no ka mea, ʻaʻole keleawe ke keleawe i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania.) Hiki iā ʻoe ke nīnau iā lākou no nā ʻaoʻao a loaʻa i kahi ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo i loko o kā lākou mākaukau. "Lawelawe a pale lākou," hopu a hoʻomāʻewaʻewa, kū i nā ʻaha a hāʻawi i nā uku ma nā alanui.
I ka manawa like, he mākaʻi ka mākaʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa mai kahi kaiāulu, ʻoiai nā hana āpau a kēia kaiāulu e hana i ka mōakāka o kāna hana. ʻO nā hihia weliweli o nā mākaʻi, hōʻike ʻia e ka FBI a i ʻole nā nūpepa nosy, e ʻike mau ʻia ma nā mokuʻāina like ʻole. A i ke kū ʻana o lākou, ʻike ʻia ua komo ka nui o ka poʻe i nā kaiāulu mākaʻi lawehala. Aia nā kipe i loko o ka ʻumi miliona kālā. He nui nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia o ka mafia i nā kapa komo ʻeleʻele. Akā ua mae wale nā mea hōʻino, kekahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni e pili ana i ka pilikia o kahi mākaʻikaʻi maʻamau i waho o nā pale, a ʻo kahi kāne i kahi pāpale e puka ana i waho o kahi kaʻa keʻokeʻo uliuli e lilo hou i hōʻailona o ke kānāwai a me ke kauoha. He aha ke ʻano o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ka mākaʻi ʻAmelika?
1. Ma hope o ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli ma ka lā 11 Kepakemapa 2001, ua hoʻoholo ʻia kekahi mau kānāwai i ka United States nāna i hoʻoponopono i nā keʻena mālama kānāwai. Ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hōʻiliʻili iā lākou ma lalo o ke kaupaku o ka Department of Homeland Security ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka pae pekelala. Ua hana maikaʻi ʻole - ma waho o ka IMB, ua noho nā luna hoʻomalu kānāwai "ponoʻī" ma ka liʻiliʻi ma 4 mau lawelawe: pale, waiwai kālā, hoʻoponopono a me ka ʻaoʻao leka. Ma ka pae o ka mauʻu, noho like nā mea āpau: mākaʻi kūlanakauhale / ʻāpana, mākaʻi mokuʻāina, nā hale pekelala. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻohe subordination kū i luna o nā mākaʻi. Hoʻonohonoho maikaʻi ʻole ʻia ka launa ʻana ma ka pae papamoe, a ʻo ka haʻalele ʻana o kahi lawehala huna i ka ʻāina o kahi mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe e kōkua nui, inā ʻaʻole e hōʻalo i ke kuleana, a laila e hoʻopanee ia. No laila, ʻo nā mākaʻi ʻAmelika he mau kaukani kaawale, hoʻohui ʻia e ke kelepona a me nā ʻikepili pūnaewele maʻamau.
2. Wahi a ka US Department of Statistics, aia he 807,000 mākaʻi ma ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, maopopo ʻole ʻaʻole piha kēia mau ʻike: ma ka pūnaewele o ka ʻOihana Heluhelu, ma ka ʻāpana "Nā hana like", ua helu ʻia nā criminologists, ka mea ma Rūsia, no ka laʻana, he ʻāpana o ka hana o ka Ministry of Internal Affairs a helu pū ʻia me nā luna kiaʻi a me nā pūkaua. I ka hōʻuluʻulu ʻana, 894,871 ka poʻe e lawelawe ana ma ka ʻOihana Kuhina Lūkini Lūkia.
3. ʻO ka uku waena o ka mākaʻi ʻAmelika ma 2017 he $ 62,900 i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i ʻole $ 30.17 i kēlā me kēia hola. Ma ke ala, uku ʻia nā mākaʻi no ka hola me ka coefficient o 1.5, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻokahi hola a me ka manawa keu he hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua manawa ke kumu kūʻai. E loaʻa i ke Komisina Makai ʻo Los Angeles $ 307,291 i ka makahiki 2018, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o nā uku o nā mākaʻi o Los Angeles ma mua o ka awelika US - ma ka liʻiliʻi he $ 62,000. ʻO ke kiʻi like ma NūIoka - kahi kope maʻamau me 5 mau makahiki o ka ʻike i 100,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
4. Mai hana hou i ka hewa pinepine o nā mea unuhi kiʻiʻoniʻoni, ka mea i kapa pinepine i nā mākaʻi "luna". ʻO ko lākou kūlana he "luna", akā ʻo kēia ke kūlana haʻahaʻa i loko o ka mākaʻi, a ʻaʻole kūlike ia me ka manaʻo Lūkia o "luna". ʻOi aku ka pololei o ka ʻōlelo ʻana i ka "mākaʻi" a i ʻole "mākaʻi" maʻalahi. A loaʻa i nā mākaʻi nā kāpena a me nā lutanela, akā ʻaʻohe mahele kūlike i nā pilikino a me nā luna - nā mea āpau e hoʻoholo i ke kūlana.
5. Ke ʻano o nā makahiki i hala iho nei: inā ma mua o ka lawelawe ʻana i ka pūʻali koa he mea hoʻohui ke komo i ka mākaʻi, i kēia manawa mahalo ʻia ka ʻike mākaʻi ke ʻae ʻia i ka pūʻali koa. I kekahi mau mokuʻāina, nā mākaʻi, ʻoiai ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia, hōʻole e hana i nā wahi pilikia. Pono nā mākaʻi e hoʻolauna i nā uku hoʻonui kūikawā. "Combat" hiki i $ 10 i kēlā me kēia hola.
6. Hana ka mākaʻi ʻAmelika, i ka wā i hopu ʻia ai, heluhelu i ka mea i hopu ʻia i kāna mau pono (ʻo ka Miranda Rule i kapa ʻia), a aia i loko o ke ʻano maʻamau ka huaʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hāʻawi manuahi ʻana i kahi loio Kūpono ʻole ke kānāwai. E hāʻawi ʻia kahi loio ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka hoʻokolokolo. I ka wā o ka hoʻokolokolo mua, ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke loaʻa i ke kōkua loio manuahi. A ua kapa ʻia ka Miranda Rule ma muli o kahi lawehala nāna ka loio i hoʻokele i kāna ʻōlelo hoʻopaʻi mai ke ola a 30 mau makahiki, e ʻōlelo ana ʻo kāna mea kūʻai aku, ma mua o kona hoʻomaka ʻana e kākau i ʻumikūmālua ʻaoʻao o ka haʻi waha ʻana, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia i kāna mau pono. Ua lawelawe ʻo Miranda i 9 mau makahiki, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka parole, a 4 mau makahiki ma hope ua hou ʻia i ka pahi i ka pā.
ʻO Ernesto Miranda
I kēia manawa e heluhelu ʻia ka mea paʻa i kāna mau pono
7. Ma ka USA ʻaʻohe mākou analogue o ke kahua o nā mea ʻike. Hilinaʻi nā ʻaha i ka ʻōlelo a ka mākaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hōʻike ma lalo o ka hoʻohiki. ʻO ka hoʻopaʻi no ka moe ʻana i ka ʻaha he koʻikoʻi loa - a i 5 mau makahiki i ka hale paʻahao pekelala.
8. Ma ka awelika, ma kahi o 50 mau mākaʻi i make i kēia manawa mai nā hana kolohe kū ʻole i ka makahiki. I ke kakahiaka nui 1980, he awelika o 115 mākaʻi i make i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa e pili ana i nā mākaʻi 100,000 (ʻo ka nui o ka United States e ulu nei me ka wikiwiki) - 7.3 mau mākaʻi i luku ʻia i kēlā me kēia makahiki e kūʻē i 24 i nā 1980.
9. Akā pepehi pinepine nā mākaʻi iā lākou iho. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe helu helu kūhelu - kūʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia mākaʻi a hāʻawi i nā helu helu i ke noi a ke alakaʻi. Wahi a nā loiloi nūpepa, i nā makahiki he 10 o ka 21st kenekulia, ma kahi o 400 mau kānaka i make i kēlā me kēia makahiki mai ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hana ʻino e nā mākaʻi (ʻaʻole wale i kī ʻia nā ʻAmelika, akā ʻo ka poʻe i make i ka uila uila, mai nā pilikia olakino i ka wā paʻa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.) A laila ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻonui nui ʻana, a i kēia manawa hoʻokahi makahiki pale i ke kānāwai a me ke kauoha e hoʻouna i kahi kaukani mau kānaka i ka honua aʻe.
ʻAʻole makemake hou ʻia nā paʻa lima ...
10. Ua kū mai ka mākaʻi mua ʻeleʻele i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i nā makahiki 1960 mua ma Danville, Virginia. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻohe hoʻokae i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana - ʻaʻole moho ʻeleʻele nā moho ʻeleʻele (akā aia he hoʻokaʻawale i ka aʻo ʻana. I kēia manawa ke kūlike nei ka hana a ka mākaʻi o New York i ka ʻano lāhui o ka heluna kanaka o ke kūlanakauhale: ma kahi o ka hapalua o nā mākaʻi keʻokeʻo, ʻo ke koena no nā mea liʻiliʻi. Ua kākoʻo ke Keʻena Makai ʻo Los Angeles iā Lethal Weapon, i hōʻike ʻia i nā mākaʻi keʻokeʻo a me nā ʻeleʻele e hana pālua ana.
11. He kūlana politika wale nō ke kūlana o nā mākaʻi ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. I nā kūlanakauhale liʻiliʻi, koho ʻia ʻo ia e nā koho balota o ke ao holoʻokoʻa, ma ke ʻano he meia a ʻaha kūkā kamaʻāina paha. Akā koho pinepine ʻia ke aliʻi e ka meia. I kekahi manawa me ka ʻae o ka ʻaha kūkā kūlanakauhale a i ʻole ka ʻahaʻōlelo o ka mokuʻāina, i kekahi manawa e ka hoʻoholo hoʻokahi.
12. ʻO ka meia o New York i kēia manawa, ʻo Bill de Blasio, ke hakakā nei i ka palaho a nā mākaʻi ma ke ʻano kumu. Hoʻololi nā mākaʻi i kā lākou loea i kēlā me kēia 4 mahina. Ua lilo nā Patrolmen i mau kānaka noiʻi, a ʻo lākou, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē, e hele e poli i nā ala hele wāwae a hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka hoʻokele kaʻa me kahi "chandelier". ʻAʻole hiki i ka meia ke hiki iā ia - mahalo i nā hana a Rudolph Giuliani, ua emi loa ka hewa a ua lawelawe mālama ʻole ʻo Michael Bloomberg i ʻelua mau kau i ka noho o ka meia, a no de Blasio, ua koe kekahi o kēia lokomaikaʻi. Ke piʻi mālie nei ka nui o nā lawehala, akā ʻo ka pae o nā makahiki 1990 mua, i ka wā i hoʻomaka ai ʻo Giuliani i kāna kaua i ka hewa, aia nō ia ma kahi lōʻihi.
ʻO Bill de Blasio ʻike nui e pili ana i ka hana a ka mākaʻi
13. ʻAʻole loa ka papa hopu a me nā leʻaleʻa helu ʻē aʻe i kahi hana a ka mākaʻi Soviet a me Rūkia. I ka 2015, hōʻole ka mākaʻi o New York City ʻo Edward Raymond e hoʻokō i kahi hoʻolālā no ka nui o ka hopu ʻia e nā luna. Ua ʻike ʻia ua hōʻike ʻia kēia kiʻi i kēlā me kēia luna mākaʻi, me ka nānā ʻole i ka wahi āna e hana ai. ʻO nā ʻeleʻele wale nō e hoʻopaʻa ʻia no nā hewa liʻiliʻi. Ua hoʻāʻo lākou e hoʻāhu i kēia hihia, akā ʻeleʻele ʻo Raymond, a keʻokeʻo ke komisina mākaʻi a me ka meia. Ma waena o ka haunaele lāhui, pono i nā luna e hana i kahi komisina nīnau, akā ke waiho nei nā hopena o kāna hana.
14. ʻO ka hōʻike ka hoʻopaʻi like no nā keiki me nā hōʻailona octagonal, a me kā lākou mau hoapili Lūkini. Ma ka awelika, he 3-4 mau hola e hoʻolālā ai i kahi paʻa o kahi lawehala liʻiliʻi. Inā ua hoʻokolokolo maoli ka hihia (a ma kahi o 5% o nā hihia i hiki mai iā ia), hiki mai nā lā pouli no ka mākaʻi.
15. ʻO ka ukana ma luna o ka mākaʻi he nui loa, no laila kēia mau kaʻa holo lio o nā kaʻa me nā kukui uila, i ʻike ʻia mai nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, e hoʻokau wale ʻia i ka bele inā he "hanana pilikia". ʻO kahi laʻana, ke kuʻi nei lākou ma kou puka i kēia manawa, a pēlā aku. Ke kāhea ʻoe i kahi mea i ʻaihue ʻia mai iā ʻoe i kou wā e hele ʻole ana, e hōʻea mālie kekahi mau mākaʻi, a ʻaʻole paha i kēia lā.
16. Hoʻomaha nā mākaʻi ma hope o 20 mau makahiki o ka lawelawe ʻana, akā ma kahi o 70% o nā mākaʻi ʻaʻole i hoʻopau i ka wā hoʻomaha. Hele lākou i ka ʻoihana, nā hale palekana, ka pūʻali koa a i ʻole nā pūʻali koa pilikino. Akā inā ʻoe i lawelawe, 80% o ka uku.
17. I ka USA aia kahi Hui o nā luna ʻōlelo Lūkini. Aia ma kahi o 400 ka poʻe i loko. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole hana lākou āpau i ka mākaʻi - ʻae ka ʻAhahui i nā limahana o nā keʻena mālama kānāwai ʻē aʻe no $ 25 i ka makahiki.
18. Loaʻa i nā mākaʻi nā kūlana kiʻekiʻe hou loa i nā pūʻali koa kūikawā. ʻO nā mākaʻi maʻamau e makemake e hoʻonui ʻia e kali no nā hakahaka, noi, lawe i nā hoʻokolokolo a kali i nā hopena me nā mea noi he ʻumikūmālua. A ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻoili i kahi hakahaka o ke poʻo o ka ʻāpana kokoke - i ka wā o ka hoʻoili ʻana, nalowale nā mea āpau āu i loaʻa ai, pono ʻoe e hoʻomaka mai ka wili ʻana.
19. ʻAe ʻia nā luna hoʻomalu kānāwai o ʻAmelika e loaʻa kālā ma ka ʻaoʻao. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā mākaʻi ma ka ʻāina hinterland. ʻAʻole hoʻohālikelike ʻia ke kālā no nā mākaʻi i kekahi ʻano - pehea ka nui o ke kaona i hāʻawi ʻia, pēlā nō. Ma ka Los Angeles like, aia ka waihona kālā o ka mākaʻi ma lalo o $ 2 biliona. A i kekahi mau Iowa, e loaʻa ka poʻo o ka ʻāpana i 30,000 i kēlā me kēia makahiki a e hauʻoli no ka mea ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o nā mea āpau ma mua o Nu Ioka. Ma nā wahi kaiāulu ʻo Florida (ʻaʻole wale nā hōkele), hiki i ka luna mākaʻi ke uku i ka luna me kahi palapala i kākau ʻia e hoʻopili ana i kahi coupon $ 20 i ka hale cafe kokoke loa.
20. I ka 2016, ua mahuka ʻo John Dugan ka mākaʻi mua i Lūkia mai ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. He ʻano kiʻekiʻe kona i ka pono, ʻoiai he ʻAmelika. ʻOiai ʻo ia e hana ana ma kahi hōkele miliona ma Palm Beach, ua hoʻohewa ʻo ia i kēlā me kēia hana hoʻomāinoino cop āna i ʻike ai. Ua hoʻokuʻu koke ʻia ʻo ia mai kāna hana, a ʻaʻole kōkua ka ʻohana polikua kaulana. Ua lilo ʻo Sheriff Bradshaw i ʻenemi pilikino na Dugan. ʻO ka hoʻokolokolo ʻana i nā ʻāpana o ka makai nui e loaʻa ana i ka uku kīpē mai nā mea kālaiʻāina a me nā ʻoihana e nānā palaualelo ʻoiai i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Hollywood. ʻAʻole i nānā ʻia ka hihia e ka mākaʻi a i ʻole ka FBI, akā na ke komisina kūikawā o nā kamaʻāina o Palm Beach a me nā luna politika. ʻAʻole hewa ʻo Bradshaw ma muli o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, e like me kāna ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻike e pili ana i ke ʻano kū ʻole i ke kānāwai o ia mau hana. ʻAʻole i hoʻomālie ʻo Dugan, a hana i kahi pūnaewele kūikawā, e koi ana e hoʻouna iā ia i nā ʻoiaʻiʻo o nā hana kū kānāwai ʻole o nā luna hoʻokō kānāwai. Ua kuʻi kahi nalu o ka ʻike iā ia mai nā wahi a pau o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, a ʻo ia ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ka FBI e haʻalulu. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ʻo Dugan me ka hacking a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻole i ka ʻikepili pilikino. Ua lele ke kāpena mua i Kanada ma kahi mokulele kūʻokoʻa a hōʻea i Moscow ma o Istanbul. Ua lilo ʻo ia i ʻehā mau ʻAmelika e loaʻa i kahi puʻuhonua politika a laila ka noho aliʻi Lūkini.
