Ma waena o nā wao nahele arctic a me ka taiga ke waiho nei kahi wahi puʻupuʻu i nele i nā mea kanu nui, a Nikolai Karamzin i noi ai e kāhea i ka hua Siberian "tundra". Ua hoʻāʻo ʻia e kiʻi i kēia inoa mai nā ʻōlelo Finnish a Sami paha, kahi o nā huaʻōlelo me ke aʻa like ke ʻano "mauna me ka nahele ʻole", akā ʻaʻohe kuahiwi i ka tundra. A ʻo ka huaʻōlelo "tundra" i ola lōʻihi ma nā ʻano Siberian.
Noho ka tundra i nā panalāʻau nui, akā no ka manawa lōʻihi ua mākaʻikaʻi loa ʻia - ʻaʻohe mea e ʻimi ai. ʻO ka loaʻa wale o nā minelala ma ka North North ua nānā lākou i ka tundra. A ʻaʻole makehewa - aia nā māla aila a me nā ʻaukā nui loa i ka ʻāina tundra. I kēia lā, ua aʻo maikaʻi ʻia ka honua, nā holoholona a me nā honua mea kanu o ka tundra.
1. ʻOiai ʻo ka tundra ma ke ʻano holoʻokoʻa hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he steppe ʻākau, mamao loa kona ʻāina mai ka lole like. I ka tundra, aia kekahi mau puʻu kiʻekiʻe loa, a ʻo nā pōhaku hoʻi, akā ʻo nā wahi haʻahaʻa e ʻike pinepine ʻia. Heterogeneous ka mea kanu o ka tundra. Ma kahi kokoke i ke kahakai a me nā wao akua, ʻaʻole uhi nā mea kanu i ka ʻāina me ka nui paʻa, nā wahi ʻōhule nui o ka honua hune a ʻike ʻia nā pōhaku. Ma ka hema, hana ka limu a me ka mauʻu i uhi uhi paʻa, aia nā nāhelehele. Ma kahi e pili kokoke ana i ka taiga, ʻike ʻia nā kumulāʻau, akā naʻe, ma muli o ke aniau a me ka wai ʻole, ua like lākou me nā hiʻohiʻona maʻi o kā lākou mau hoa hema.
2. Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻāina o ka tundra e nā wahi wai, a hiki ke ākea loa. ʻO nā kahawai nui e kahe ana ma waena o ka tundra i loko o ke Kai Arctic: ʻo ka Ob, Lena, Yenisei a me kekahi mau muliwai liʻiliʻi. Hāpai lākou i ka nui o ka wai. I ka wā o nā kahawai, hālana kēia mau muliwai i hiki ʻole i kekahi ke ʻike i kekahi mai kahi panakō. Ke emi ka wai kiʻekiʻe, kū nā loko he nui. ʻAʻohe wahi o ka wai e puka aku i waho o lākou - nā mahana haʻahaʻa e pale i ka mahu ʻana, a ʻaʻole ʻae ka lepo paʻū a palolo paha i ka wai e komo i loko o ka hohonu. No laila, he nui ka wai o ka tundra i loko o nā ʻano like ʻole, mai nā kahawai a i nā kahawai.
3. ʻAʻole i ʻoi aku ka nui o ke anuanu o ke kauwela + 10 ° С, a ʻo ka hōʻailona hoʻoilo hoʻoilina he -30 ° С. Haule liʻiliʻi ka ua. Hoʻohālikelike kahi hōʻailona o 200 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki me ka nui o ka ua ma ka ʻaoʻao hema o ka Sahara, akā me ka hoʻēmi haʻahaʻa, ua lawa kēia e hoʻonui ai i ka swampiness.
4. ʻO 9 ka mahina o ka hoʻoilo i ka tundra. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ikaika nā hau i ka tundra e like me nā wahi o Siberia aia ma ka hema. ʻO ka maʻamau, ʻaʻole e hāʻule ka thermometer ma lalo o -40 ° C, ʻoiai ʻaʻole maʻa mau nā wahi Continental no nā mahana ma lalo -50 ° C. Akā ʻoi aku ke anuanu o ke kauwela ma ka tundra ma muli o ke kokoke o ka lehulehu o nā wai kai anuanu.
5. ʻO ka lau nahele i ka tundra he kau kau. I ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela pōkole, hiki mai ke ola i loko o hoʻokahi pule wale nō, e uhi ana i ka honua me nā ʻōmaʻomaʻo hou. Akā e like me ka wikiwiki e mae ai me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ke anuanu a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka pō polar.
6. Ma muli o ka nele o nā pale kūlohelohe, hiki i ka makani i ka tundra ke ikaika a me ka hikiwawe. He weliweli loa lākou i ka hoʻoilo i ka hui pū ʻia me ka hau. Kapa ʻia kēlā puʻupuʻu he puahiohio. Hiki iā N ke mau no kekahi mau lā. ʻOiai nā hau hau, ʻaʻohe nui o ka hau i ka tundra - puhi koke ʻia ia i nā wahi haʻahaʻa, nā awāwa a i nā mea kū i waho o ka ʻāina.
7. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ʻo Willow i ka tundra, akā ʻo kona hiʻohiʻona aia loa aku ia mai nā wilou e ulu ana ma ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa o Lūkia. ʻO Willow i ka tundra vaguely like me kahi lāʻau nani, nā lālā e kau i ka honua, ma ka hema wale nō kokoke i nā kahawai. I ke kūkulu ʻākau, he mau nō ka willow a ʻaneʻane hiki ʻole ke hoʻopau ʻia i nā nāhelehele i ulu pū, e kūʻē ana i ka honua. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia e pili ana i ka birch dwarf - ke kaikuahine dwarf o kekahi o nā hōʻailona o Lūkia i ka tundra e like me ka freak dwarf a i ʻole kahi ulu lāʻau.
Willow Dwarf
8. ʻO ka ilihune o nā mea kanu ke alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo i kahi kanaka maʻa mau ʻole i ka tundra, ʻoiai ma kahi kiʻekiʻe ma lalo o ke kai, ʻike ʻia ka hopena o ke kiʻekiʻe waena - paʻakikī ka hanu ʻana. Pili ʻia me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia he oxygen liʻiliʻi i ka lewa ma luna o ka tundra. Hāʻawi ka lau liʻiliʻi o nā mea kanu liʻiliʻi i ke ʻenekini e pono ai e hanu i ka ea.
9. ʻO kahi hiʻohiʻona maikaʻi ʻole o ke kauwela i ka tundra ka gnat. ʻO nā mano o nā mea kolo liʻiliʻi ʻino i ke ola o ka poʻe ʻaʻole wale, akā ʻo nā holoholona kekahi. ʻO nā dia hihiu, no ka laʻana, neʻe ʻaʻole wale ma muli o ke aniau, akā no ka piʻo pū kekahi. Hoʻomau ka hoʻouka kaua o nā kolo i ʻelua mau pule i ka hoʻomaka o ke kauwela, akā hiki ke lilo i kahi kūlohelohe kūlohelohe - ʻoiai he nui nā pūʻā dia i hoʻopuehu ʻia mai nā pali.
10. I ka tundra, ulu a ulu nā hua ʻai i loko o ʻelua mau mahina. ʻO ke kamāliʻiwahine, a i ʻole arctic raspberry, i manaʻo ʻia ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi. ʻOno kāna hua e like me nā raspberry. ʻAi makaʻu nā kamaʻāina o ka ʻākau iā lākou, a hoʻomaloʻo nō hoʻi iā ia, hoʻolapalapa i nā decoctions a hana i nā tincture. Hoʻohana ʻia nā lau e hana i kahi mea inu e pani ai i ka tī. Eia kekahi i ka tundra, kokoke i ka hema, loaʻa nā blueberry. Pālahalaha ʻo Cloudberry, pala a hiki i ka 78th like. Ulu nō kekahi ʻano o nā hua ʻai hiki ʻole ke ʻai ʻia. Hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā ʻano hua berry āpau e kahi aʻa lōʻihi a kolo. ʻOiai i nā mea kanu wao nahele ke hohola aʻa nā aʻa i ka hohonu o ka honua, i nā mea kanu tundra ke wili ākea nā aʻa i kahi papa lahilahi o ka lepo momona.
Kamāliʻiwahine
11. Ma muli o ka aneane pau loa o ka lawaiʻa ʻana, waiwai nui nā muliwai a me nā loko o ka tundra i ka iʻa. Eia kekahi, aia ka nui o nā iʻa o kēlā mau ʻano i manaʻo ʻia he elite a i ʻole he exotic i ka hema: omul, broadleaf, seal, trout, salmon.
12. Laha loa ka lawaiʻa ʻana i ka tundra. ʻO nā lawaiʻa e lawaiʻa nei no nā hana pono wale nō e hopu i nā kamaʻāina o ke kahawai me nā seine i ke kauwela. I ka hoʻoilo, kau lākou i ka ʻupena. Hoʻohana loa ʻia nā lawaiʻa a pau - hele ka iʻa liʻiliʻi a ʻōpala e hānai i nā ʻīlio.
13. Makemake ka poʻe Siberia e lawaiʻa i ka tundra makemake i ka milo a i ka lawaiʻa lele paha. No lākou, ʻo ka lawaiʻa kekahi hana lawaiʻa. Akā hele mai nā mea aloha exotic mai ka ʻāpana ʻEulopa e lawaiʻa i ka tundra, no ka mea nui o ka sensations - me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ke kumukūʻai o ka huakaʻi, he gula maoli ka iʻa i hopu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, nui a mau mea aloha - aia nō kekahi mau huakaʻi ke komo pū ʻole i ka tundra ma luna o nā kaʻa ākea āpau, akā e lawaiʻa ana hoʻi ma ka ʻaoʻao hema (akā anuanu loa) o ke kai ʻo Kara Sea a me ke kai Laptev.
14. Ke ʻimi nei lākou i ka dia, ka ʻāpala, ka hare a me nā manu i ka tundra: nā geese ʻāhiu, nā swan partridge, a pēlā aku. ʻOiai ʻimi ʻia ka dia ma ka ʻoihana. Kūʻai ʻia ka ʻiʻo a me nā ʻili ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻākau, a kūʻai ʻia nā anela dia e nā mea kālepa mai Hikina Hema Asia. Ma laila, ʻaʻole nā pepeiaohao kahi lāʻau e makemake wale ʻia ai, akā e hānai pū nō hoʻi no nā māla momi hana.
15. ʻO Tundra, ʻo ia hoʻi ka steppe, kahi noho punahele no nā ʻalopeke Arctic. ʻIke nui kēia mau holoholona nani i nā anuanu anuanu, a me kā lākou omnivorousness e hiki ai iā lākou ke māʻona a ʻoiai hoʻi i nā pua liʻiliʻi a me nā holoholona o ka tundra.
16. Nui nā lemu i ka tundra. ʻO nā holoholona liʻiliʻi ka meaʻai nui a nā mea hōkai ʻē aʻe. ʻAʻole lākou e hoʻolei iā lākou iho mai nā pōhaku i loko o ka wai e miliona mau kānaka. Ma ka maʻalahi, i ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana, hoʻomaka lākou e hana me ke kūpono ʻole, e holo wikiwiki ana i nā mea hōkai nui, a e emi ka nui o ko lākou lehulehu. ʻAʻohe mea maikaʻi e pili ana i kēia - i kēia makahiki aʻe, hiki mai nā manawa paʻakikī no kēlā mau holoholona kahi meaʻai nā lemona. ʻO nā pueo akamai, e ʻike nei i ka emi ʻana o ka helu o nā lemu, mai hoʻomoe i nā hua.
17. Noho nā bea Polar, nā sila a me nā walrus ma kahakai o ka Arctic Ocean, akā ʻaʻole kūpono ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he poʻe lākou o ka tundra, ʻoiai loaʻa kēia mau holoholona i kā lākou meaʻai i ke kai, a inā ma kahakai ma kahi o ka tundra aia he taiga a he ulu lāʻau ulu, no lākou ʻaʻohe mea nui ʻaʻole e loli.
ʻAʻole i laki kekahi
18. I ka tundra, mai ke kau waena o 1970, ua hana ʻia kahi hoʻokolohua kū hoʻokahi e hoʻihoʻi i ka heluna kanaka o nā bipi musk. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻokolohua mai ka wī - ʻaʻohe mea i ʻike i kahi bipi musk ola ma ka panalāʻau o Rūsia, nā iwi iwi wale nō i loaʻa. Pono wau e huli i ko ʻAmelika no ke kōkua - ua loaʻa iā lāua ka ʻike o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i nā bipi musk a me nā kānaka "keu". Noho maikaʻi loa nā bipi Musk ma Wrangel Island, a laila ma Taimyr. I kēia manawa, noho he mau kaukani mau holoholona ma Taimyr, ma kahi o. Wrangel ma kahi o hoʻokahi kaukani. ʻO ka pilikia ka helu nui o nā kahawai - kū i mua nā bipi musk, akā ʻaʻole hiki ke hele aʻe, no laila e lawe ʻia lākou i kēlā me kēia wahi. Noho nā holoholona liʻiliʻi i ka ʻāina ʻo Magadan, Yakutia a me Yamal.
19. ʻO ka poʻe i kamaʻāina iki i ka hana o ka swans ʻike i kahi mamao loa o kēia mau manu mai ka ʻānela i ke ʻano. A hōʻole nā swans e noho ana i ka tundra i ka axiom e pepehi wale ke kanaka no ka leʻaleʻa, a make wale nā holoholona i ka meaʻai. I ka tundra, kuʻi ka swans i nā mea ola a lākou e makemake ʻole ai me ka ʻole o ka pahuhopu e ʻai iā lākou. ʻAʻole nā manu o nā hoʻouka kaua wale nā manu, akā nā alopeke arctic, nā wolverine a me nā ʻelele ʻē aʻe o kahi honua holoholona ʻilihuna. ʻOiai ka poʻe hawk predatory makaʻu lākou i nā swans.
20. ʻO nā Nenets o kēia manawa, ka mea i hana i ka hapa nui o ka tundra heluna, ua hoʻopau lōʻihi e noho i nā kahua hoʻomoana. Noho paʻa mau nā ʻohana ma nā kauhale liʻiliʻi, a ʻo nā kahua hoʻomoana kekahi hale lole mamao, kahi e noho ai nā kāne, e mālama ana i ka pūʻā dia. Ke hele nei nā keiki i ke kula kauā ma ka helikopter. Lawe pū ʻo ia iā lākou i ka wā hoʻomaha.
21. ʻAi ʻole nā Nenets i ka ʻai i nā lau a me nā hua - pipiʻi loa lākou i ka ʻĀkau. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole ʻeha nā kahu bipi reindeer i ka scurvy, nāna i koi aku i nā ola he nui i nā latitu hema he nui aku. ʻO ka mea huna i loko o ke koko hipa. Inu ka Nenets i ka maka, ke kiʻi nei i nā wikamina a me nā minelala e pono ai.
I Alaska, lawe nā sledges
22. Ma waho o nā ʻīlio, ʻaʻohe holoholona ʻē aʻe o nā Nenets - hiki wale i nā ʻīlio hānai wale nō ke ola i ke anuanu koʻikoʻi. ʻOiai nā ʻīlio e ʻeha i ke anuanu a laila ʻae ʻia lākou e moe i ka pō i ka chum - paʻakikī loa ka mālama ʻana i kahi ʻano dia me ka ʻole o nā ʻīlio.
23. I mea e hōʻoia ai i ke ola haʻahaʻa, pono kahi ʻohana Nenets i ka liʻiliʻi o 300 mau reindeer, a aia he mau kenekulia i hōʻoia ʻia i nā mahele o ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā holoholona i nā mea hana, nā wahine, nā reindeer, nā castrates, nā bipi keiki, a me nā mea like. E kūʻai i kahi kaʻa hau maʻamau, pono ʻoe e kūʻai aku ma kahi o 30 dia.
24. ʻoluʻolu loa ka poʻe Nenets, no laila ke ʻano o ka hanana i hana ʻia ma Kēkēmapa 2015, i ka manawa i luku ʻia ai nā limahana o ka hui Gazprom i hele mai e ʻimi holoholona, ma ka Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ma muli o ke kī ʻana o kahi pana me nā Nenets, me he mea lā ua hihiu loa ia. ʻAʻole hoʻokahi kanaka no ʻumi mau mile a puni ke kahua o ka hanana ...
25. Haʻalulu ka tundra "haʻalulu". Ma muli o ka maʻamau o ka mahana kau, e lahilahi ka papa permafrost, a hoʻomaka ka methane ma lalo e haki i ka ʻilikai, waiho ka nui o ka hohonu. ʻOiai ʻo ia mau leʻaleʻa e helu ʻia i nā anakuhi, akā, i ka nui o nā methane emissions, hiki ke hoʻololi i ke aniau ma mua o nā alarmist o ka hopena hale hoʻomehana i wānana ʻia i ka piko o ke kaulana o kēia kumumanaʻo.
