ʻO Euclid (Euclid) kahi ʻepekema Helene kahiko a me ka makemakika. Hoʻonohonoho kikoʻī ʻia kekahi o kāna mau hana kaulana loa i nā kumu o ka geometry, planimetry, stereometry a me ka helu kumumanaʻo.
1. Unuhi ʻia mai ka ʻōlelo Helene kahiko, Εὐκλείδης ʻo ia hoʻi ka "nani maikaʻi", "ka manawa o ka ulu ʻana".
2. Heʻuʻuku loa ka ʻike pilikino e pili ana i kēia kanaka. Hoʻomaopopo wale ʻia ia no ka noho ʻana o Euclid a hoʻokō i kāna mau hana ʻepekema i ke kenekulia III. BC e i Alexandria.
3. ʻAʻole i emi ke kumu akeakamai o ke kumu o ka makemakika kaulana - Plato. No laila, e like me nā hoʻokolokolo akeakamai, pili maoli ʻo Euclid i ka poʻe Platonist, ka mea i manaʻo i nā mea nui 4 wale nō - ka honua, ka ea, ke ahi a me ka wai.
4. Hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻikepili biography liʻiliʻi loa, aia kahi mana ʻaʻole ʻo Euclid hoʻokahi kanaka, akā he hui ʻepekema a me nā akeakamai ma lalo o kahi inoa inoa hoʻokahi.
5. I nā memo o ka makemakika Papp o Alexandria, ʻike ʻia ʻo Euclid, me ke akahai a me ka ʻoluʻolu, hiki ke hoʻololi koke i kona manaʻo e pili ana i ke kanaka. Akā i kahi mea hoihoi i ka makemakika a i ʻole hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana o kēia ʻepekema.
6. ʻO ka hana kaulana a Euclid "hoʻomaka" e komo pū me 13 mau puke. Ma hope, ua hoʻohui ʻia ʻelua hou i kēia mau palapala - Gypsicles (200 AD) a me Isidore o Miletus (VI kenekulia AD).
7. I ka hōʻiliʻili o nā hana "Nā Hoʻomaka" i loaʻa nā manaʻo kumu āpau o ka geometry i ʻike ʻia a hiki i kēia lā. Ma ke kumu o kēia mau ʻike, a hiki i kēia lā, hoʻopaʻa nā kamaliʻi a me nā haumāna i ka makemakika a aia nō kekahi huaʻōlelo ʻo "Euclidean geometry".
8. Aia he 3 mau geometry i ka huina - Euclid, Lobachevsky, Riemann. Akā ʻo ia ka ʻokoʻa o ke akeakamai Helene kahiko i manaʻo ʻia he kuʻuna.
9. Hoʻonohonoho kino ʻo Euclid ʻaʻole wale i nā theoremele āpau, akā ʻo nā axioms pū kekahi. Ua ola nā mea hope loa me ka loli ʻole a hoʻohana ʻia a hiki i kēia lā, nā mea āpau akā hoʻokahi - e pili ana i nā laina like.
10. I nā kākau a Euclid, hiki i nā mea āpau ke maopopo a paʻakikī hoʻi i ka noʻonoʻo. ʻO kēia kaila o ka hōʻike e noʻonoʻo mau ʻia nei he laʻana o kahi kuʻina makemakika (a ʻaʻole wale).
11. Hāʻawi nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻArapi iā Euclid i ka hana ʻana i kekahi mau hana hou aku - ma optics, mele, astronomy, mīkini. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa ʻo "Division of the Canon", "Harmonica", a me ka hana ma nā kaupaona a me ka umekaumaha kikoʻī.
12. ʻO nā akeakamai Helene kahiko a me nā makemakika hope loa i hana i kā lākou hana e pili ana i nā hana a Euclid a waiho i kā lākou mau manaʻo a me nā memo i nā kuʻikahi a ko lākou mea i hele mua. ʻO nā mea kaulana loa ʻo Pappus, Archimedes, Apollonius, Heron, Porfiry, Proclus, Simplicius.
13. ʻO Quadrivium - ka iwi o nā ʻepekema makemakika āpau e like me ke aʻo a ka Pythagoreans a me nā Platonist, ua manaʻo ʻia he pae mua no ke aʻo ʻana i ka akeakamai. ʻO nā ʻepekema nui e hoʻopili i ka quadrivium he geometry, mele, helu, astronomy.
14. ʻO nā mele āpau i ka manawa o Euclid ua kākau pololei ʻia e like me nā canematika makemakika a me ka helu pono ʻana o ke kani.
15. ʻO Euclid kekahi o nā mea i kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka waihona puke kaulana loa - ʻo Alexandria. I kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole wale ka waihona i kahi waihona o nā puke, akā hana pū ʻia ma ke ʻano he kikowaena ʻepekema.
16. ʻO kekahi o nā kaʻao hoihoi a kaulana hoʻi e pili ana i ka makemake o Tsar Ptolemy I e haku i nā kumumanaʻo o ka geometry mai nā hana a Euclid. He paʻakikī iā ia e aʻo i kēia ʻepekema, akā i ka nīnau ʻia ʻana e pili ana i nā ʻano maʻalahi e hoʻomaopopo, ua pane ka ʻepekema kaulana "ʻAʻohe ala aliʻi i ka geometry".
17. ʻO kekahi inoa (latinized) o ka hana kaulana loa a Euclid "Nā Hoʻomaka" - "Elemene".
18. ʻO ia mau hana a kēia Helene makemakika kahiko e like me "Ma ka mahele o nā kiʻi" (mālama hapa ʻia), "ʻIkepili", "Phenomena" ʻike ʻia a ke hoʻopaʻa ʻia nei.
19. Wahi a nā wehewehe ʻana o nā makemakika a me nā akeakamai ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi o kā Euclid mau wehewehe mai kāna mau hana "Conical section", "Porism", "Pseudaria".
20. ʻO nā unuhi mua o nā Elemene i hana ʻia i ke kenekulia 11. e nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻAmenia. Ua unuhi ʻia nā puke o kēia hana i ka Lūkini ma ka kenekulia 18 wale nō.
