Makemake nā kānaka ʻepekema e ʻōlelo i kēlā me kēia kumumanaʻo inā hiki ke hōʻike ʻia i kahi ʻōlelo maʻalahi e hiki ai i kahi mea hoʻomākaukau i hoʻomākaukau ʻia. Hāʻule ka pōhaku i ka honua i kēlā a me kēia arc me kēlā a me kēlā wikiwiki, ʻōlelo lākou, a hōʻoia ʻia kā lākou mau ʻōlelo e ka hana. Hoʻohui ka mea X i ka hopena Y e hoʻohuli ia i ka polū, a ʻo ka mea Z i hoʻohui ʻia i ka hopena hoʻokahi e ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I ka hopena, ʻaneʻane nā mea āpau e hoʻopuni iā mākou i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā (me ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui o nā phenomena hiki ʻole ke wehewehe ʻia) e wehewehe ʻia mai ka manaʻo o ka ʻepekema, a i ʻole, e like paha, e like me kekahi synthetics, kāna huahana.
Akā me ke ʻano ʻano paʻa e like me ka mālam, ʻaʻole maʻalahi nā mea āpau. I ka pae, ka pae o nā lā a pau, he mea maʻalahi a maʻemaʻe nā mea āpau: aia ka mālamalama, a me ka ʻole o ka pouli. Refract a aniani, mai ke kukui i nā kala like ʻole. I ke kukui mālamalama a me ka haʻahaʻa, ʻike ʻokoʻa nā mea.
Akā inā ʻoe e ʻeli i kahi hohonu, ʻike ʻia ka maopopo ʻole o ke ʻano o ke kukui. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa nā Physicists no kahi manawa lōʻihi, a laila hele mai i kahi kuikahi. Kāhea ʻia ʻo "Wave-corpuscle dualism". ʻ saylelo ka poʻe e pili ana i kēlā mau mea "ʻaʻole iaʻu, ʻaʻole hoʻi iā ʻoe": ua manaʻo kekahi he māmā ke kahawai o nā ʻāpana-corpuscle, manaʻo kekahi he nalu ka mālamalama. I kekahi ʻano, ua kūpono a hewa hoʻi nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua. ʻO ka hopena he huki kuʻi maʻamau - i kekahi manawa he nalu ka māmā, i kekahi manawa - kahi kahawai o nā hunaahi, hoʻokaʻawale iā ʻoe iho. I ka nīnau ʻana o Albert Einstein iā Niels Bohr he aha ke kukui, ua manaʻo ʻo ia e hāpai i kēia pilikia me ke aupuni. E hoʻoholo ʻia he nalu ka māmā, a e pāpā ʻia nā photocell. Hoʻoholo lākou i ke kukui he kahawai o nā hunaahi, ʻo ia hoʻi e pāpā ʻia ka gratings diffraction.
ʻO ke koho ʻana o nā ʻike i hāʻawi ʻia ma lalo nei ʻaʻole e kōkua i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o ka mālam, ʻoiaʻiʻo, akā ʻaʻole kēia wale nō kahi manaʻo wehewehe, akā he mau ʻōnaehana maʻalahi wale nō ka ʻike e pili ana i ka mālamalama.
1. Mai ka papa hana physics o ke kula, hoʻomanaʻo ka poʻe he nui ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻolaha ʻana o ka malamalama a, ʻoi aku ka pololei, nā nalu electromagnetic i kahi hawewe ʻo 300,000 km / s (ʻoiaʻiʻo, 299,793 km / s, akā ʻaʻole pono ia ʻano pololei ma nā helu ʻepekema). ʻO kēia wikiwiki no ka physics, e like me Pushkin no nā puke, kā mākou mea āpau. ʻAʻole hiki i nā kino ke neʻe wikiwiki aʻe ma mua o ka wikiwiki o ke kukui, ka Einstein nui i hoʻoilina ʻia iā mākou. Inā ʻae ʻia kahi kino e ʻoi aku i ka wikiwiki o ke kukui a i hoʻokahi mika i kēlā me kēia hola, e hōʻino ia i ke kumu o ka causality - ka postulate ʻaʻole hiki i kahi hanana i ka wā e hiki ke hoʻopili i ka mea ma mua. ʻLelo ka poʻe loea ʻaʻole i hōʻoia ʻia kēia loina, ʻoiai e hoʻomaopopo nei i kēia lā ʻaʻole hiki ke hōʻole ʻia. A noho nā loea ʻē aʻe i nā hale hana no nā makahiki a loaʻa nā hopena e hōʻole kumu i ke kiʻi kumu.
2. I ka makahiki 1935, ua hoʻohewa ʻia ka postulate o ka hiki ʻole ke ʻoi aku i ka wikiwiki o ke kukui e ka ʻepekema Soviet poʻokela Konstantin Tsiolkovsky. Ua hōʻoia ka cosmonautics theorist i kāna hopena mai ka manaʻo o ka akeakamai. Ua kākau ʻo ia i ke kiʻi i hoʻoliʻiliʻi ʻia e Einstein e like me ka Baibala ʻeono mau lā i hana ʻia e hana i ka honua. Hōʻoia wale ia i kahi kumumanaʻo kaʻawale, akā ʻaʻole loa ia e lilo i kumu o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
3. I ka makahiki 1934, ua ʻike ka mea ʻepekema Soviet ʻo Pavel Cherenkov, e hoʻomālamalama ana i nā wai ma lalo o ka mana o ka pāhawewe gamma, nā electrons, ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki o ka wikiwiki i ka wikiwiki o ka mālamalama i kahi mea i hāʻawi ʻia. Ma 1958, ʻo Cherenkov, me Igor Tamm lāua ʻo Ilya Frank (manaʻo ʻia ua kōkua nā mea hope ʻelua iā Cherenkov e hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka hanana i ʻike ʻia) i loaʻa ka Nobel Prize. ʻAʻole nā postulate theoretical a me ka loaʻa ʻole, a ʻaʻohe hopena o ka makana.
4. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo i ʻike ʻia ka mālamalama a ʻike ʻole ʻia nā mea i ʻike ʻole ʻia i hoʻokumu wale ʻia i ka 19 kenekulia. I kēlā manawa, ua lanakila ke kumumanaʻo o ka nalu o ka mālamalama, a ua hoʻopau nā physicists, i ka ʻāpana o ka spectrum e ka maka, a hele i mua. ʻO ka mea mua, ua loaʻa nā kukuna infrared, a laila nā kukuna ultraviolet.
5. No ke ʻano o ko mākou kānalua e pili ana i nā huaʻōlelo o psychics, hoʻomālamalama maoli ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻOiaʻiʻo, nāwaliwali loa ʻo ia ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike iā ia me ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Kapa ʻia kēlā alohi e like me ka ʻālohilohi haʻahaʻa, he ʻano wela kona. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā hihia ke hoʻomālamalama ke kino holoʻokoʻa a i ʻole nā ʻāpana pākahi i kahi ala i ʻike ʻia e ka poʻe a puni. Eia kekahi, i ka 1934, ua nānā nā kauka i ka wahine Pelekane ʻo Anna Monaro, ka mea i loaʻa i ka hānō, kahi ʻālohilohi ma ka umauma. Hoʻomaka ka hoʻomālamalama i ka wā o kahi pilikia. Ma hope o kona hoʻopau ʻana, nalowale ka ʻōlinolino, wikiwiki ka pālū o ka mea maʻi no kekahi manawa pōkole a piʻi ka mahana. Hoʻokumu ʻia kēlā kukui e nā hopena biokimia - like ke ʻano o ka ʻālohilohi o nā nalo e lele ana - a hiki i kēia manawa ʻaʻohe wehewehe ʻepekema. A i mea e ʻike ai i ka ʻōlinolino ultra-liʻiliʻi o kahi kanaka maʻamau, pono mākou e ʻike i ka 1000 mau manawa ʻoi aku.
6. ʻO ka manaʻo i loaʻa i ka lā kahi impulse, ʻo ia hoʻi, hiki ke hoʻohuli i nā kino i ke kino, e hala koke ana i 150 mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 1619, ua nānā ʻo Johannes Kepler i nā kometa, ua kuhikuhi pololei ʻia ka huelo o kēlā me kēia kometa i ka ʻaoʻao e kū pono ana i ka Lā. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo Kepler e hoʻoneʻe ʻia ka huelo o ka kometa e kekahi mau mea waiwai. ʻAʻole ia a hiki i ka 1873 kahi o nā mea noiʻi nui o ka mālamalama i ka mōʻaukala o ka ʻepekema honua, ʻo James Maxwell, i ʻōlelo e hoʻopili ʻia nā huelo o nā kometa e ka lā. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ua hoʻomau kēia kuhiakau i ke kuhiakau astrophysical - ua ʻōlelo nā ʻepekema i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he lāʻau ka lāʻau kā ka lā, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke hōʻoia. Ma ka 2018 wale nō, ua hoʻokele nā ʻepekema mai ke Kulanui o British Columbia (Kanada) e hōʻoia i ke kū ʻana o kahi lāʻau i ka mālamalama. No ka hana ʻana i kēia, pono lākou e hana i kahi aniani nui a waiho i loko o kahi lumi i kaʻawale mai nā mana waho āpau. Ma hope o ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana o ke aniani me kahi kukuna kukuna, ua hōʻike nā mea ʻike i ke aniani o ke aniani. Liʻiliʻi ka haʻalulu, ʻaʻole hiki ke ana iā ia. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻoia ke alo o ke kaomi māmā. ʻO ka manaʻo o ka hana ʻana i nā mokulele hakahaka me ke kōkua o nā lā nui gignest lā nui, i hōʻike ʻia e nā mea kākau moʻolelo ʻepekema mai ka waenakonu o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ma ke ʻano nui, hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia.
7. Mālamalama, a i ʻole, kona kala, pili i ka poʻe makapō loa. ʻO ke kauka ʻAmelika ʻo Charles Zeisler, ma hope o kekahi mau makahiki o ka noiʻi ʻana, ua hala he ʻelima mau makahiki e kuʻi i ka lua o ka paia o nā luna ʻepekema a paʻi i kahi pepa e pili ana i kēia ʻoiaʻiʻo. Ua ʻike ʻo Zeisler i ka retina o ka maka o ke kanaka, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā hunaola maʻamau i kuleana no ka ʻike, aia nā pūnaewele i pili pono me ka ʻāpana o ka lolo e kaohi ana i ka mana o ka circadian. Hoʻomaopopo ka pigment i kēia mau hunaola i ke kala polū. No laila, nā kukui uila polū - e like me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka mālamalama o ka mālamalama, mālamalama kēia me ka ikaika ma mua o 6,500 K - pili i ka poʻe makapō a soporific e like me ka poʻe me ka ʻike maʻamau.
8. Pilikia loa ka maka o ke kanaka i ka mālam. ʻO kēia ʻano leo nui ka pane ʻana o ka maka i ka hapa liʻiliʻi loa o ke kukui - hoʻokahi fotona. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā hoʻokolohua i ka makahiki 1941 ma ke Kulanui o Cambridge i ka hōʻike ʻana o ka poʻe, ʻoiai me ka ʻike awelika, i 5 mai 5 mau kiʻi i hoʻouna ʻia i ko lākou ala. ʻOiaʻiʻo, no kēia mea e "hoʻomaʻamaʻa" nā maka i ka pouli i loko o kekahi mau minuke. ʻOiai ma kahi o "ka maʻa" i kēia hihia ua ʻoi aku ka pololei o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka huaʻōlelo "adapt" - i ka pōʻeleʻele, ʻo nā cones maka, nā mea e pili ana i ka ʻike o nā kala, e huli mālie, a hele mai nā koʻokoʻo i ka pāʻani. Hāʻawi lākou i kahi kiʻi monochrome, akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi.
9. He mea nui ka mālamalama i ka pena ʻana. E waiho maʻalahi, ʻo kēia nā aka i ka mālamalama a me ka malu o nā ʻāpana o ka canvas. ʻO ka mālamalama ʻāpana o ke kiʻi ke aniani - kahi e hōʻike ʻia ai ke kukui i nā maka o ka mea ʻike. ʻO ka wahi pouli ke aka ponoʻī o ka mea i hōʻike ʻia a kanaka paha. Ma waena o kēia mau mea nui loa he nui - aia 5 - 7 - papa helu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ke kamaʻilio nei mākou e pili ana i ka pena kiʻi, a ʻaʻole no nā ʻano e ʻimi ai ka mea pena e hōʻike i kāna honua ponoʻī, a ʻoi aku. ʻOiai mai nā kiʻi like o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hina nā aka polū i loko o ka pena kuʻuna - ma mua o lākou, pena ʻia nā aka i ʻeleʻele a hina paha. A eia nō naʻe - i ke pena ʻana ua manaʻo ʻia he ʻano maikaʻi ʻole ia e hana i kekahi mea māmā me ke keʻokeʻo.
10. Aia kekahi hanana hoihoi loa i kapa ʻia ʻo sonoluminescence. ʻO kēia kahi hiʻohiʻona o ke kukui uila o kahi kukui i kahi wai kahi e hana ʻia ai kahi nalu ultrasonic mana. Ua wehewehe ʻia kēia hanana i nā makahiki 1930, akā ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia kona ʻano 60 mau makahiki ma hope. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ma lalo o ka mana o ka ultrasound, hana ʻia kahi bubble cavitation i loko o ka wai. Hoʻonui ia i ka nui no kekahi manawa, a laila hāneʻe nui. I loko o kēia hāneʻe, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ikehu, e hāʻawi ana i ka mālam. Liʻiliʻi loa ka nui o hoʻokahi huʻa cavitation, akā ʻike ʻia i loko o nā miliona, e hāʻawi ana i kahi kukuna paʻa. No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ua like nā noiʻi o ka sonoluminescence me ka ʻepekema no ka pono o ka ʻepekema - ʻo wai ka mea hoihoi i nā kumuwaiwai kukui 1 kW (a he hopena maikaʻi kēia i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 21) me ka uku nui? Ma hope o nā mea āpau, hoʻopau ka mea hana ultrasound iā ia i nā uila he mau haneli mau manawa keu. ʻO nā hoʻokolohua mau me ka pāpāho wai a me nā nalu hawewe ultrasonic i lawe mālie i ka mana o ke kukui i 100 W. I kēia manawa, he manawa pōkole loa kēlā glow, akā manaʻoʻiʻo nā optimist sonoluminescence ʻaʻole e ʻae i ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kumu kukui wale nō, akā e hoʻomaka pū kekahi hoʻi i kahi hopena thermonuclear fusion.
11. Me he mea lā, he aha ka mea e like ai ma waena o nā ʻano moʻokalaleo e like me ka ʻenekini hapa hapa o Garin mai "The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin" na Alexei Tolstoy a me ke kauka hana ʻo Clobonny mai ka puke "The Travels and Adventures of Kāpena Hatteras" na Jules Verne? Ua hoʻohana akamai ʻo Garin lāua ʻo Clawbonny i ka nānā ʻana i nā kaola māmā e hana i nā mahana wela. ʻO Kauka Clawbonny wale nō, i kālai i kahi aniani mai kahi palaka hau, hiki ke kiʻi i ke ahi a hānai iā ia iho a me kona mau hoa mai ka pōloli a me ka make anuanu, a me ka ʻenekinia ʻo Garin, e hana ana i kahi mea hana maʻalahi e like me ka laser, luku ʻia he mau kaukani mau kānaka. Ma ke ala, hiki ke kiʻi i ke ahi me nā aniani hau. Hiki i kēlā me kēia mea ke hana hou i kā Kauka Clawbonny ʻike ma o ka hau ʻana i ka hau i loko o ka pā concave.
12. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, ʻo ka ʻepekema ʻEnelani nui ʻo Isaac Newton ka mea mua e hoʻokaʻawale i ke kukui keʻokeʻo i nā kala o ke ānuenue ʻano a mākou e maʻa ai i kēia lā. Eia naʻe, ua helu mua ʻo Newton i nā kala 6 i kāna laulaha. He loea ka ʻepekema i nā lālā ʻepekema a me nā ʻenehana he nui o ka manawa, a i ka manawa like makemake nui i ka helu. A i loko o ia mea, manaʻo ʻia ka helu 6 he diabolō. No laila, ʻo Newton, ma hope o ka noʻonoʻo nui ʻana, ua hoʻohui ʻo Newton i ka laulaha i kahi kala āna i kapa ai ʻo "indigo" - kapa mākou iā ia "violet", a aia he 7 mau kala mua i ka laulaha. ʻEhiku helu helu laki.
13. Hōʻike ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o ka Mōʻaukala o ka Academy of the Strategic Missile Forces i kahi pistol kukuna hana a me kahi revolver laser. Ua hana ʻia ka "Weapon of the Future" ma ke kula i ka makahiki 1984. ʻO kahi hui ʻepekema e alakaʻi ʻia e Professor Viktor Sulakvelidze i kālele pono ʻia me ka hana ʻana i hoʻonohonoho ʻia: e hana i nā laser liʻiliʻi non-lethal i hiki ʻole ke komo i loko o ka ʻili o ka mokulele mokulele. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ʻo nā pistola laser i manaʻo ʻia no ka pale ʻana i nā cosmonauts Soviet i ka orbit. Ua manaʻo ʻia he makapō lākou i nā mea kūʻē a paʻi i nā lako pono. ʻO ka mea e kuʻi ana he laser pumping optical. Hoʻohālike ʻia ka paukū i ke kukui uila. Hoʻopili ʻia ke kukui mai ia mea e kahi mea fiber-optic i hoʻokumu i kahi kukuna kukuna. ʻO 20 ka mika ka laulā o ka luku. No laila, kūʻē i ka ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole hoʻomākaukau nā Generals wale no nā kaua i hala.
14. Ua hāʻawi nā mea nānā monochrome kahiko a me nā maka aniani o ka pō i nā kiʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo ʻaʻole ma ka makemake o nā mea haku. Ua hana ʻia nā mea āpau e like me ka ʻepekema - ua koho ʻia ke kala i mea e luhi ai nā maka i kahi liʻiliʻi loa, e ʻae i kahi kanaka e mālama i ka noʻonoʻo, a, i ka manawa like, hāʻawi i ke kiʻi maopopo loa. Wahi a ka lakio o kēia mau palena, ua koho ʻia ke kala ʻōmaʻomaʻo. I ka manawa like, ua koho mua ʻia ke kala o nā haole - i ka wā o ka hoʻokō ʻana o ka ʻimi no ka ʻike malihini i nā makahiki 1960, ua hōʻike ʻia ke hōʻike leo o nā lekiō lekiō i loaʻa ʻia mai ka lewa ma nā māka ma nā ʻano o nā kiʻi ʻōmaʻomaʻo. Ua piʻi koke mai ka poʻe kūkala nūhou maalea me nā "kāne ʻōmaʻomaʻo".
15. Ua hoʻāʻo mau ka poʻe e hoʻomālamalama i ko lākou mau home. ʻOiai no ka poʻe kahiko, nāna i mālama ke ahi ma kahi hoʻokahi no nā makahiki he nui, ʻaʻole i lawelawe ke ahi no ka kuke ʻana a me ka hoʻomehana wale nō, akā no ka hoʻomālamalama ʻana. Akā i mea e hoʻomālamalama ai i ka centrally centrally i nā alanui, lawe ia i mau makahiki he millennia o ka hoʻomohala civila. I nā kenekulia XIV-XV, ua hoʻomaka nā luna o kekahi mau kūlanakauhale nui ʻEulopa e koi i nā makaʻāina e hoʻomālamalama i ke alanui i mua o ko lākou mau hale. Akā ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia ka ʻōnaehana kukui alanui kikowaena maoli mua i kahi kūlanakauhale nui a hiki i ka 1669 ma ʻAmekekama. Ua kuhi ka kamaʻāina kamaʻāina ʻo Jan van der Heyden e waiho i nā ipukukui ma nā kihi o nā alanui āpau i hāʻule iki ai ka poʻe i loko o nā kahawai lehulehu a hōʻike ʻia i nā mea komo hewa. He aloha ʻāina aloha ʻo Hayden - i kekahi mau makahiki i hala aku nei ua noi ʻo ia e hana i kahi puʻukū ahi ma Amsterdam. Hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka hoʻolālā - hāʻawi nā luna iā Hayden e hana i kahi ʻoihana pōpilikia hou. I ka moʻolelo o ke kukui, ua hele nā mea āpau e like me ka blueprint - ua lilo ʻo Hayden i mea hoʻonohonoho i ka lawelawe kukui. I ka hōʻaiʻē o nā luna o ke kūlanakauhale, pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma nā hihia ʻelua ua loaʻa kālā kālā maikaʻi i ka mea noho kūlanakauhale. ʻAʻole wale i hoʻokomo ʻo Hayden i nā kia kukui he 2,500 ma ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi kukui kūikawā o kahi hoʻolālā kūleʻa e hoʻohana ʻia nā kukui Hayden ma Amsterdam a me nā kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe o ʻEulopa a hiki i ka waena o ka 19 kenekulia.
