Ma kahi o ka hapalua milenio mai ka huakaʻi mua a Christopher Columbus i ʻAmelika, ʻo ka puhipaka ʻana, inā makemake paha nā mea hakakā ʻaʻa ʻaʻole paha, ua lilo i ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu o ke kanaka. ʻAneʻane akua ʻo ia, ua hakakā lākou me ia, a ʻo ka ikaika loa o kēia mau manaʻo polar e hōʻike ana i ke koʻikoʻi o ka puhipaka i ka kaiāulu.
ʻO ke ʻano i ka puhipaka ʻaʻole i pololei pololei. I kekahi manawa, hoʻoikaika ʻia ʻo ia, akā ʻo ka pinepine, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo ia no ka puhipaka. Ua hele a kaulike nā mea āpau āpau a i ʻole i ka hapa lua o ka 19 - mau kenekulia 20 mua. Puhi nā mea puhipaka, ʻaʻole ʻike nā mea puhipaka i ka nui o ka pilikia i ka uahi. Ua ʻike lākou e pili ana i ka makaʻu o ka puhipaka, akā noʻonoʻo pono lākou i kēia pōʻino ʻaʻole i ka pilikia nui loa, i kūʻē i ka moʻo miliona o ka make i nā kaua honua ...
A i loko wale nō o nā makahiki holomua o ka hapa lua o ke kenekulia iwakāluakū i ʻike ʻia ʻaʻole i inaina ka lāhui kanaka ma mua o ka puhipaka. Hiki ke huki ʻia kēia hopena ma muli o ke kālailai ʻana i nā hana a nā aupuni like ʻole i nā ʻāina like ʻole e pili ana i ka puhipaka a me nā mea puhipaka. Loaʻa ka manaʻo i kekahi inā inā he ʻākau a hema paha lākou, pili i ka lāhui a i ʻole nā hui supranational, ʻaʻole i hoʻohuli ʻia e nā pilikia ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike nui ka honua i ka hopena hope loa i ka nīnau a nā poʻe puhipaka.
1. Pilikia maoli ka puhipaka. Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻole o nā kūlana, e ʻaelike kekahi me ka postulate e hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā wahi puhipaka mai ka nui o nā mea puhipaka ʻole. A ʻo ke koena, ʻaʻohe pono nā mokuʻāina a me ka manaʻo o ka lehulehu e like me ka poʻe hoʻokaumaha, e ʻimi ana i nā mea puhipaka me ka lima hoʻokahi a e ʻohi kālā ʻana i loaʻa mai ka hana ʻia ʻana o kēia ʻano me kekahi. ʻO nā mōʻī nāna i hoʻopaʻi i ka puhipaka ʻana e ka make ua hana ʻoiaʻiʻo me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ...
2. Ua kākau ʻo Herodotus e pili ana i kekahi lau nahele, a ka poʻe Celt a me Gaul i puhi ai me ka hauʻoli nui, akā ua waiho kēia kanaka hanohano iā mākou i nā hōʻike he nui hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo i kā lākou ʻoiaʻiʻo a hala nā makahiki he mau kaukani. ʻO ka lā kūhelu o ka "loaʻa" ʻana o ka paka e nā poʻe ʻEulopa hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ma Nowemapa 15, 1492. I kēia lā, ʻo Christopher Columbus, ka mea i ʻike iā ʻAmelika i hoʻokahi mahina i hala aku nei i kona ala e hele ai i India, ua kākau ʻo ia i loko o kāna puke moʻomanaʻo e ʻōwili nā kamaʻāina i nā lau o kahi mea kanu i loko o kahi paipu, puhi ʻia i ke ahi mai kekahi wēlau a hanu i ka uahi o kekahi. Ma ka liʻiliʻi he ʻelua mau kānaka mai ka huakaʻi ʻo Columbus - ʻo Rodrigo de Jerez lāua ʻo Luis de Torres - ua hoʻomaka e puhi i ka New World. Lawe ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ka lawe ʻole ʻana o ka paka i kēia manawa i ka ʻauhau ʻauhau, lawe ʻo de Jerez i nā lau o kēia mea kanu i ʻEulopa. Eia hou, ua lilo kāna moʻolelo pilikino i kaao - nā kamaʻāina, ke ʻike nei i ka puhi ʻana o de Jerez i ka uahi mai kona waha, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia he deragona, i hānau ʻia na ka diabolō. Ua hoʻomaopopo ʻia nā luna o ka hale pule e pili ana i kēia, a ua hala nā makahiki he nui i ka hale paʻahao.
3. Hiki i nā helu helu i paʻi ʻia e pili ana i ka inu paka ʻana ma nā ʻāina like ʻole o ka honua ke hāʻawi i kahi manaʻo laulā kahi e puhipuhi nui ai nā kānaka a ma kahi e uahi liʻiliʻi ai lākou. ʻAʻole ka pilikia ʻaʻole nā helu helu kekahi o nā ʻano wahaheʻe, akā nā ʻokoʻa o nā kānāwai ma nā ʻāina like ʻole. Ma Andorra liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole kūʻai ʻia nā ʻauhau ʻauhau i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana paka, no laila, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pīpaka ma mua o Sepania a me Palani kokoke. No laila, huakaʻi nā Paniolo a me Palani i Andorra no ka pīpaka, e hoʻāla ana i ka paka i kēia moku liʻiliʻi i 320 packs no kēlā me kēia capita i kēlā me kēia makahiki, e helu ana i nā pēpē hou. Ua like ke kiʻi ma Luxembourg. No Kina, ʻokoʻa ʻelua ʻikepili i nā kumuwaiwai like ʻole - i puhi ʻia he 200 pūʻulu ma laila i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a i ʻole 100. Ma ka laulā, inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e noʻonoʻo i ka dwarf Nauru a me Kiribati, nā kamaʻāina o nā ʻāina Balkan, Helene, ʻo ka Czech Republic ka uahi nui. Polani, Belarus, Kina, Ukraine, Pelekiuma a me Denmark. Aia ʻo Rūsia ma ka helu he ʻumi ma nā papa inoa āpau, e noho ana i nā wahi mai 5 a 10. Aia ma kahi o kahi piliona puhipaka i ka honua.
4. ʻO ka hoʻopiʻi a Columbus i lawe mai ai i kahi potion hellish i ʻEulopa a hoʻowalewale i ka poʻe noho o ka Old World i ʻike ʻole i ka paka ma mua, ʻaʻohe kumu. He hewa ia e hoʻopiʻi aku ai iā de Jerez no kēia (noho ʻo de Torres i ʻAmelika a pepehi ʻia e nā Indians), akā ʻo kēia hidalgo hanohano kekahi i lawe wale i nā lau paka i Sepania. Na Gonzalo Oviedo i lawe mua mai i nā ʻanoʻano, a i ʻole e Romano Pano, ka mea i holo pū i ka moana me Columbus. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua manaʻo ʻo Oviedo i ka paka he mea kanu kāhiko nani, a ua maopopo ʻo Pano e hoʻōla ka paka i nā ʻeha, ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka puhipaka.
5. Ma Palani, no ka hapa haneli a ʻoi paha o ke kenekulia, ʻaʻole i puhi ʻia ka paka, akā kuʻi wale ʻia i loko o ka pauka a honi. Eia kekahi, ua aʻo ʻo Catherine de Medici i kāna keiki kāne, i ka wā e hiki mai ana ʻo Charles IX, e honi i ka paka ma ke ʻano he lāʻau lapaʻau - ua ʻeha ka mōʻī i nā ʻeha ʻeha nui. Eia hou ka mea maopopo: ua kapa ʻia ka lepo o ka paka ka inoa ʻo "Queen's powder" a ma hope o kekahi mau mahina ʻelua ua hoʻomaka ka pā holoʻokoʻa e honi i ka paka a me ka hiʻu. A hoʻomaka lākou e puhi i Palani i ka wā ʻaʻole ola nā mea hoʻohihi o ka pō ʻo St. Bartholomew, a me Charles IX hoʻi, ma lalo o Cardinal Richelieu lāua ʻo Louis XIII.
6. No ka manawa mua, ua hoʻomaka ka wahī ʻana i ka paka i ka pepa i ka kenekulia 17 ma ʻAmelika Hema. Pēlā ke ʻano o nā mea i loko o nā kiʻi pena ʻia e Francisco Goya. Ua hoʻomaka ka kūʻai ʻana aku i nā kūmaka ma Palani i ka makahiki 1832. I ka makahiki 1846, ua hoʻohiki ʻo Juan Adorno i ka mīkini hana kika mua ma Mekiko. Eia nō naʻe, ua hana ʻia ka kipi ma ka mīkini kikokiko Adorno, a me ka mea i haku ʻia o James Bonsak, i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 1880. Ua hoʻonui ka typewriter Bonsak i ka hana hana hana i nā hale hana paka ma 100 mau manawa. Akā ʻo ka puhipaka nui o nā pika i hana pono ʻia i hoʻomaka ma kahi o nā 1930s. Ma mua o kēlā, makemake ka poʻe waiwai i ka puhipaka a i ʻole nā cika; ʻo ka poʻe, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi, ʻōwili ʻia i ka paka i ka pepa, pinepine i ka nūpepa.
7. Ma Victorian ʻEnelani, ma kahi o ka manawa a Sherlock Holmes i mālama ai i kāna paka i loko o kahi kāmaʻa Peresia a puhi i nā koena paka i nehinei ma mua o ka ʻaina kakahiaka, he ʻano koʻikoʻi ka puhipaka o nā hui kāne āpau. Ua kamaʻilio pū nā keonimana i nā hui i nā seta puhipaka kūikawā. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau set, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā cigakeke, ka paka a me nā paka, i loaʻa i nā mea he 100. I nā hale inu a me nā hale inu inu āpau, hiki i kēlā me kēia mea ke kiʻi i kahi paipu no ka manuahi. Ua hōʻike ʻia ka loiloi paka i ka makahiki 1892, ua hāʻawi ʻia ka awelika inu hoʻokumu ma waena o 11,500 a me 14,500 mau paipu i ka makahiki.
8. ʻO ʻAmelika (Pelekane mua) ʻo General Israel Putnam (1718 - 1790) ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia no kāna hoʻopakele kupaianaha ʻana mai ka lima o nā Indians e hoʻomākaukau mua nei e puhi iā ia, a no ka mea ʻo ia, me he mea lā, ua pepehi ʻo ia i ka ʻīlio hae hope loa ma Connecticut. ʻO kekahi kikoʻī hoihoi o ka moʻolelo pilikanaka o ka mea koa kūʻē i nā ʻenemi e waiho mau ana i nā aka. I ka makahiki 1762, ua hoʻokahuli ka pūʻali koa Pelekania iā Cuba. ʻO kā Putnam ʻāpana o ka waiwai pio he ukana o nā cigar Cuban. ʻAʻole i haʻalele ka koa koa wiwo ʻole i nā loaʻa kīwila a nona kahi hale kūʻai ma Connecticut. Ma o ia lā, ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia i nā huahana onaona o ka mokupuni, e loaʻa ana ka waiwai. ʻIke maopopo ʻole nā Yankees i nā cigakeke Cuban ma ke ʻano ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi, a mai ia manawa mai ka mea nui o nā cigakeke Cuban i hoʻomau ʻole i ka hōʻole ʻia.
9. I Lūkia, ua hoʻomaka ka hana a ka mokuʻāina kūpono i ka mahi ʻana a me ke kūʻai ʻana i ka paka ma Malaki 14, 1763. ʻO ke kuhina o ka mokuʻāina ʻo Grigory Teplov, ka mea a ka Empress Catherine II i hāʻawi aku ai i ka mālama paka, ua ʻike maikaʻi i kāna ʻoihana, a he kanaka kuleana. Ma kāna hana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā mea kanu paka no ka manawa mua loa mai ka ʻauhau a me nā dute, akā ua loaʻa nā bonus a me nā hua manuahi. Ma lalo o Teplovo i hoʻomaka ai ke kūʻai pololei ʻana mai i ka paka, ʻaʻole na nā mea waena o ʻEulopa.
10. ʻO Indonesia kekahi o nā alakaʻi honua e pili ana i ka nui o nā mea puhipaka a me ka helu o nā huahana paka i kūʻai ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke kiʻi ʻia i kēia mākeke nunui (ʻInidonesia - 266 miliona) ma kahi mau makahiki i ka hopena o ke kenekulia iwakālua i nā poʻe nunui paka o ka honua. ʻAʻole kēia i hana ma muli o ka protectionism o ke aupuni, akā no ka kaulana o kāna hoʻohuihui paka ponoʻī. Hoʻohui nā Indonesian i nā ʻāpana ʻoki i ka paka. Kuni kēia hui ʻana me kahi crackle ʻano, a kapa ʻia ka huaʻōlelo onomatopoeic "kretek". Loaʻa ka hopena maikaʻi o ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā cloves i ka paka i ka maʻi hanu o luna. I Indonesia, me kona aniau aniau, he umi mau miliona o ka poʻe i loaʻa i nā pilikia hanu, ʻo ia ke kumu i makemake nui ʻia ai ka kretek mai kona wā i hana ʻia ai i 1880. Eia nō naʻe, no nā makahiki he nui, ua hana lima ʻia ka mau momokoke kolo i hana ʻia e ka lima, pipiʻi a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūkū me ka mīkini lehulehu i hana ʻia i nā kūpaka maʻamau. I ka 1968, ua ʻae ke aupuni ʻInidonesia i ka hana kretek i hana ʻia e ka mīkini, a he mau makahiki wale nō ke kali ʻana o nā hopena. I ka makahiki 1974, hana mua ʻia ka mau cikaleti kretek. I ka makahiki 1985, ua hopu ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā momoke paka me ka hana ʻana o nā puhi mau, a i kēia manawa noho ʻo kretek ma luna o 90% o ka mākeke paka Indonesia.
11. I Iāpana, hoʻomohala ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā huahana paka e ka ʻoihana mokuʻāina ʻo Japan Tob paka. Makemake nā budgets o nā pae āpau i nā ʻauhau mai ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kūpaka, no laila, me ka hoʻolaha anti-paka paka i Iapana, ʻae ʻia ka hoʻolaha ʻana i ka paka, akā ma kahi ʻano akahai a kūwaho hoʻi. ʻAʻole ia he mau kikoʻī kikoʻī a i ʻole nā lama o nā huahana paka i hoʻolaha ʻia, akā ʻo "puhipaka maʻemaʻe" - kahi hana i kaohi ʻia e loaʻa ai ka leʻaleʻa mai ka puhipaka ʻana, kahi ʻaʻole e hoʻonāukiuki ka mea puhipaka i nā poʻe ʻē aʻe. Ma kahi kikoʻī, i kekahi o nā kīwī TV makemake ka hero e puhipaka ʻoiai ke kali nei no ke kaʻaahi ma ke kahua. Eia nō naʻe, ke noho nei ma luna o kahi puhipaka, ʻike ʻo ia i kahi kāne e noho ana ma ka pā hoʻokahi e ʻai ana. Hoʻokomo koke ka meʻe i nā pīpaka i loko o kāna ʻeke, a hoʻomālamalama wale ma hope o ka maopopo ʻana o ka hoalauna ʻaʻole ʻo ia manaʻo. Ma ka pūnaewele Pūnaewele Paka ʻo Japan, ua hōʻike ka ʻUhane ʻUhane o ka Paka i nā hihia he 29 o ka hoʻohana paka ʻana: Paka o ke aloha, Paka o ka launa ʻana, Paka e hoʻokokoke aku nei i ke kūlohelohe, paka ponoʻī, paka i manaʻo ʻia, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻolālā ʻia nā ʻāpana e like me nā kamaʻilio e hōʻike ana i ka puhipaka kekahi ʻāpana o ka moʻomeheu moʻomeheu Kepani.
12. Ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea hana kūkaʻi Lūkia ma waena o nā mea hana i nā waiwai ʻē aʻe e kā lākou hana kūikawā ʻana. I kēia au o ka hana nuipaʻa, kā lākou mau hoʻāʻo e hana i nā huahana i ʻoi aku a kūpono paha no ka manawa a me nā makemake o ka mea kūʻai aku e hoʻopā nui. I ka makahiki 1891, ua komo kekahi pūʻali koa Palani ma St. Petersburg, a ʻo ka poʻe e makemake ana e hoʻomanaʻo i kēia kipa, hiki iā lākou ke kūʻai mai i nā kūpaka ʻo Franco-Lūkia me ke kiʻi a me ka ʻike like. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia kahi moʻo o ka mau kakika e ka hopena o ke kūkulu ʻana o nā alahao, nā lanakila o ka pūʻali koa (Skobelevskie cigareti) a me nā hanana nui ʻē aʻe.
13. ʻO ka ʻauhau Draconian kekahi o nā kumu o ka French Revolution. Ua uku ka poʻe mahiʻai Farani i ka awelika ʻelua a ʻoi ka nui o ka ʻauhau e like me kāna hoa Pelekane. ʻO kekahi o nā mea nui ka ʻauhau ma ka paka ʻana. Ma hope o ke kipi, ua hoʻopau mua ʻia a laila hoʻokomo hou ʻia, akā ma kahi pālākiō liʻiliʻi loa. I kēia hihia, hana ka huila o ka mōʻaukala i kahi kipi holoʻokoʻa i 20 mau makahiki wale nō. ʻO Napoleon Bonaparte, ka mea i lilo i mana, hoʻonui i ka ʻauhau paka i lilo ka poʻe puhipaka i mea waiwai nui o ka waihona kālā Farani.
14. Ua lawa nā mea i kākau ʻia e pili ana i ka huakaʻi kaulana a Peter I i ʻEulopa e ʻike ai, inā makemake ʻia, he aha nā mea a ka Lūkini tsar i kūʻai ai ma kahi ʻē, ʻoiai i loko o nā kope hoʻokahi. ʻAʻoleʻike iki ke kumu kālā no kēia mau kūʻai ʻana - ua hoʻohana koke ʻo Petero i kāna kālā, a ma ʻEnelani ua kūʻai ʻo ia i nā mea āpau ma ka hōʻaiʻē. Akā ma ka lā 16 ʻApelila 1698, ua heleleʻi ka ua gula ma luna o ka ʻelele Lūkini. Ua kau inoa ka tsar i kahi ʻaelike kuʻikahi me ka mea Pelekane ʻo Marquis Carmarthen no ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka paka i Russia no 400,000 rubles kālā. Ua uku nui ʻo Carmarthen, ua hoʻokaʻawale nā Lūkini i nā ʻaiʻē āpau a hoʻonohonoho e pili ana i nā kūʻai hou.
15. I ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19 a me ka mua o ke kenekulia 20, ua makemake nui ʻia nā puke e pili ana i ka puhipaka a me ka paka, i paʻi ʻia i ko lākou ʻano kumu - kahi ʻeke paka, pahu kīkā, me kahi ʻeke i hoʻopili ʻia, kahi pale ʻoloka a i ʻole he paipu. Ua paʻi ʻia kēlā mau puke i kēia lā, akā i kēia manawa ua ʻike ʻia nā curiosities ʻohiʻohi hou ʻia.
16. ʻO Marlene Dietrich ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni honua nui loa i hoʻohālikelike i ke kiʻi o kahi wahine puhipaka puhipaka o nā manaʻo kāne i hala ma 1950, ke 49 mau makahiki o ka mea hana keaka, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia ma ke alo o ka hoʻolaha hoʻolaha "Lucky Strike". ʻO ke koi mai kona kūleʻa ʻana i kāna kiʻi ʻoniʻoni mua, ʻaʻole kiʻi ʻia ʻo Dietrich i kiʻi ʻoihana me ka ʻole o kahi paka.
17. ʻO ka makuakāne o ka hoʻopunipuni kūʻē ʻole o ka pika ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ke keiki a ke keiki a Sigmund Freud. Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Edward Bernays ma 1899 a i ka wā ʻōpio ua neʻe ʻo ia me kona mau mākua i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Ma aneʻi ua lawe ʻo ia i ka ʻepekema hou o nā pilina lehulehu. Ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ʻAmelika Tabako ma ke ʻano he kūkā kamaʻilio lehulehu, ua lawe ʻo Bernays i kahi ala hou i ka hoʻolaha huahana. Ua paipai ʻo ia i ka neʻe ʻana mai ka hoʻolaha ʻana ma mua "mua i ka hoʻolaha ʻana me he mea lā i ka hala ʻana, ma ka loaʻa wale. ʻO kahi laʻana, pono e hoʻolaha ʻia kahi kīpaka ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano he huahana kūpono e hoʻokō i kāna hana, akā ma ke ʻano he ʻāpana o kekahi a i ʻole kiʻi ʻē aʻe. Hoʻomaka pū ʻo Bernays e paʻi i nā ʻatikala "kūʻokoʻa" i ka nūpepa e pili ana i nā pilikia olakino o ke kō (ʻo ka paka ka mea e pani i nā mea momona), e pili ana i ka wīwī o nā wahine wīwī e loaʻa ai nā wahine momona hou aʻe ma ka hana like (kōkua ka paka i nā mea e pono ai), e pili ana i nā pono o ke akahai, a pēlā aku. Ma ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka puhi liʻiliʻi ʻana o nā wahine ma ke alanui a ma nā wahi lehulehu i ka nui, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Bernays i kahi huakaʻi o nā wahine ʻōpio me ka uahi paka ma Nu Ioka i ka Easter Easter o ka makahiki 1929. Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole i nānā ʻia ka huakaʻi. Ua kākau pū ʻo Bernays i kahi kuʻikahi holoʻokoʻa e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka paka i ka hale kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a hoʻouna aku i nā mea hana nui. Inā ʻike ʻole ʻia kekahi mau kuhi i ka hana a Bernays ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia, akā i nā makahiki 1940, ua lilo ka paka i mea ʻano nui o ka protagonist o kekahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni.
18. Hōʻike ka nūpepa ua hoʻopiʻi ʻo ʻAmelika me ka maʻi ʻaʻa puʻu i nā piliona kālā mai kahi ʻoihana paka e nānā ʻia me ka kānalua. Kū mai kēlā mau hōʻike ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā ʻaha hoʻokolokolo mua. Ma laila, hiki i ka mea hoʻopiʻi ke kiʻi maoli i kahi ʻōlelo hoʻoholo e kūpono iā ia mai ke kiure. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole e pau ka hoʻopiʻi ʻana ma laila - loiloi pinepine nā ʻaha kiʻekiʻe i nā hoʻoholo a hoʻoliʻiliʻi paha i ka nui o ka uku. Hiki i ka mea hoʻopiʻi a me ka ʻoihana ke hiki i kahi hoʻokolokolo ma mua o ka hoʻokolokolo, a ma hope o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke kālā i ka mea hoʻopiʻi, akā he mea nui ʻole ia. ʻO nā laʻana maʻamau o ka hōʻemi i ka nui mai nā kenekulia biliona o ke kālā i miliona a i ʻole nā haneli haneli. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua uku ʻia he mau piliona kālā i nā uku hoʻopaʻi ma nā hihia "NN kūʻē i ka ʻoihana ʻo XX," akā ʻo ia mau uku ka ʻano o ka ʻauhau hou i uku ʻia e nā ʻoihana paka.
19. Hoʻomaka ka mōʻaukala Lūkini o ka paka ma ʻAukake 24, 1553. I kēia lā koʻikoʻi nui, ua hoʻāʻo ka moku "Edward Bonaventura", e kahi ʻino, hoʻāʻo haʻaheo e komo i ka Dvinsky Bay (ʻo ia ka moku ʻo Murmansk) ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a Richard Chancellor. Pīhoihoi ka poʻe Lūkini i kēlā moku nui. Ua hoʻonui ʻia kā lākou pūʻiwa i ka wā a lākou i ʻike ai he poʻe Kelemania (a ʻo nā haole a pau ma Rūsia a hiki i ka makahiki 18 kenekulia he mau Kelemania - leo ʻole lākou, ʻaʻole lākou i ʻike he Lūkini) e holo nei i ʻInia. Ma ka liʻiliʻi, ua holoi ʻia nā kuhi hewa āpau, ua hoʻouna ʻia nā ʻelele i Moscow, a hoʻomaka lākou i ka wā e kamaʻilio ana. Ma waena o nā waiwai no India, ua loaʻa pū kekahi me ka paka ʻo ʻAmelika, a ua hauʻoli nā Lūkini i ka hoʻāʻo ʻana. I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole lākou i puhipaka ma ʻEnelani - ma 1586 wale nō i lawe ʻia ka paka ma laila ʻaʻole na kekahi, akā na Sir Francis Drake.
20. Ua kipaku ʻia ke koa o ka moʻolelo o ka mea kākau Pelekane kaulana ʻo Somerset Maugham "Ke Kākauʻōlelo" mai kā St. Peter's Church no ka ʻike ʻole i ka heluhelu.Me he mea lā ua hāʻule kona ola - he mea hanohano loa ke kākau ʻōlelo i ka hierarchy o ka Anglican Church, a ʻo ka hoʻonele ʻia ʻana o kahi wahi i Victorian ʻEnelani, ʻo ia nō ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa nui ʻana i ke kūlana nohona i waiwai nui ʻia e ka Pelekania. ʻO ka koa a Maugham, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i ka hale pule, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e puhi (ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo, ʻaʻole ʻo ia i ʻae i kēia hope). I ka ʻike ʻole ʻana i kahi hale kūʻai paka i nā maka, ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e wehe iā ia iho. Ma ka hoʻomaka kūleʻa ʻana i kahi ʻoihana, ua hana nui ke kākau ʻōlelo mua e holoholo a puni ʻo Ladana e ʻimi ana i nā alanui me ka ʻole o nā hale kūʻai paka, a hoʻopiha koke i ka hakahaka. I ka hopena, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea nona nā hale kūʻai he ʻumikūmālua a me ka mea nona kahi waihona kālā nui. Ua hāʻawi aku ka luna iā ia e waiho kālā ma kahi waihona kūpono, akā hōʻole ka mea kālepa hou - ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke heluhelu. "ʻO wai ʻoe inā hiki iā ʻoe ke heluhelu?" - wahi a ka luna. "E lilo wau i kākau ʻōlelo no ka hale pule ʻo St. Peter," i pane aku ai ka mea kūʻai kūleʻa pōmaikaʻi.
21. Hoʻonani nui ʻia nā hale hana paka. Hana ʻia kekahi ʻano like o ka hana kūʻokoʻa e nā kalaiwa forklift wale nō, ka mea nāna e hoʻokomo i nā pahu paka i ka mea lawe - i ka manawa koke, ʻaʻole hiki ke hana ʻia ka paka i nā ʻoihana "mai nā huila," pono e moe i lalo. No laila, maʻamau kahi hale hana paka i kahi hale waiho hoʻohanohano me nā pahu i piha i ka paka paka. Ma hope o ke kau ʻana i ka pahu ma ka mea lawe, hana nā hana āpau mai ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā ʻāpana paka i loko o ka pulp a me nā uaua i ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā poloka paka i nā pahu e hana wale ʻia e nā mīkini.
22. He mea puhipuhi kaumaha ʻo Lūkia kaulana a me ka mea mālama holoholona ʻo ʻIvan Michurin. He unpretentious loa ʻo ia i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā - ma kekahi ʻano ʻo ka ʻelele pilikino o Nicholas II, ma muli o kona mau lole maʻamau, kuhihewa iā ia no ke kiaʻi o ka māla ʻo Michurinsky. Akā makemake ʻo Michurin i ka paka ma ke ʻano kiʻekiʻe. I nā makahiki o ka luku hope-revolusionary, ʻaʻohe pilikia kūikawā me ka paka - aia nā mālama nui i nā waihona. I ka hopena o 1920, ua hiki ke hoʻihoʻi i ka hana ʻana o ka puhaka a me ka puhaka, akā nui wale nō - ʻaʻohe kokoke i ka paka. Lawe ʻo Michurin i ka mahi ʻana o ka paka ma nā wahi āna i ulu ʻole ai ma mua, a loaʻa ka kūleʻa. Ua ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o kekahi mau ʻatikala a Michurin i hoʻolaʻa ai no ka regionalization a me ka mahi ʻana i nā ʻano paka. Eia hou, ua hele mai ʻo Michurin me kahi mīkini ʻoki paka maoli, kahi i makemake nui ʻia - ʻo ka mahiʻai ʻo Russia no ka hapa nui i puhi ʻia i ka samosad, kahi e ʻoki kūʻokoʻa ʻia ai.
