ʻIke ka poʻe āpau i nā alahaka ākea ākea. ʻAʻole manaʻo ka poʻe āpau he hana hana kahiko loa ke alahaka ma mua o ka huila. I loko o ka millennia mua o ka mōʻaukala kanaka, ʻaʻole pono ka poʻe e lawe i kekahi mea kaumaha. Hiki ke hāpai ʻia ka wahie e ka lima. Ua kūpono kahi ana a hale paha no kahi noho. ʻAʻole pono e kauō ʻia ka mamamona kaulana, pepehi ʻia no ka meaʻai, ma kahi - ua ʻai lākou i ka lōʻihi e hiki ai, ma kahi, a hoʻokaʻawale paha i ke kupapaʻu i nā ʻāpana kūpono no ka hāpai ʻana. Ke hele nei i nā kahawai a i ʻole nā kahawai, ma mua o ka hāʻule maikaʻi ʻana, a laila kahi pahu nui i hoʻolei ʻia, pono pinepine ia, a i kekahi manawa ke ola i ka hiki ke hele.
I kekahi mau mauna mauna o ʻAmelika Hema a me ʻAsia, aia kekahi mau ʻohana ʻaʻole ʻike i ka huila. Akā ʻike nui ʻia nā alahaka i kēlā mau ʻohana, a pinepine ʻole lākou i kahi log i hāʻule ma waena o kahi kahawai mika ka lōʻihi, akā ʻo nā hanana paʻakikī o nā olonā maʻalahi a me nā wahie, i ʻākoakoa me ka liʻiliʻi o nā pono hana, akā ke hana nei no nā kenekulia.
ʻO ka hana nui ʻana o nā alahaka i hoʻomaka ʻia e ko Roma poʻe puni alanui. ʻO nā kumumanaʻo o ke kūkulu alahaka i hoʻomohala ʻia e lākou no nā haneli mau makahiki, ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ke kila, ka pōhaku paʻa a me nā mea hou o kēia au. Akā ʻoiai ke noʻonoʻo nei i nā holomua o ka ʻepekema hou, ʻo ka hana ʻana i nā alahaka e waiho nei he hana ʻenekinia paʻakikī.
1. ʻO nā alahaka, me nā ʻano āpau āpau, he ʻekolu wale nō ʻano ma o ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻana: girder, cable-noho a me ka arched. ʻO ke alahaka ʻo girder ka mea maʻalahi loa, ka lāʻau hoʻokahi i kiola ʻia ma luna o ke kahawai. Kau ke alahaka kau ma nā kaula; hiki i nā olonā kanu a me nā kaula kila ikaika. ʻO ke alahaka kūpana ka mea paʻakikī e kūkulu, akā i ka manawa like ʻo ia ke kūpaʻa loa. Hoʻomahele ʻia ke kaupaona o ke alahaka ma luna o nā pio. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ke kūkulu ʻana o ke alahaka hou he mau hui pū kekahi o kēia ʻano. Aia kekahi e lana ana, a i ʻole nā alahaka pontoon, akā he mau hana kūlohelohe wale nō kēia, a moe lākou i ka wai, a hala ʻole ma o. Hiki nō hoʻi ke hoʻokaʻawale i nā alahaka (e hele ana ma luna o ka wai) mai nā alahaka (ke hele i nā ʻāina haʻahaʻa a me nā awāwa) a me nā overpass (e hele ana i nā alanui), akā mai kahi ʻike ʻenekinia, ʻike ʻole ka ʻokoʻa.
2. ʻOiai ʻo kēlā me kēia alahaka, ma ka wehewehe ʻana, he hale hana ia, ma ka Honua, ʻokoʻa nā gullies liʻiliʻi, aia nā alahaka nunui maoli maoli. I kēia mau lā, hoʻolaha nui ʻia nā kiʻi o ka Fairy Bridge ma Kina. Kupaianaha loa nā manaʻo - hele ka muliwai ma lalo o kahi paʻa me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 70 mika, a ʻo ka lōʻihi o ke alahaka kokoke i 140 mika. Eia nō naʻe, mamao loa ka Fairy Bridge mai kahi wale nō, ʻaʻole ka nui loa, ʻo ia ʻano hoʻokumu. Ma Peru, ma ka pali hikina o ka Andes, i ka makahiki 1961, ua ʻike ʻia kahi pio me kahi kiʻekiʻe he 183 mau mika ma luna o ka muliwai ʻo Cutibiren. ʻO ka uapo hopena ma luna o 350 mau mika ka lōʻihi. Eia kekahi, ʻo kēia "alahaka" ma kahi o 300 mau mika ka laulā, no laila hiki i nā mea aloha o ke ana ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa i ka mea e noʻonoʻo pono ʻia ai kēia hanana kūlohelohe.
3. ʻO ke alahaka kaulana loa o ka wā kahiko paha ke alahaka 400 mika ma luna o ka Rhine, i kūkulu ʻia ma 55 BC. e Mahalo i ke akahai o Julius Kaisara, a wehewehe pono iā ia i loko o ka puke "Gallic War" (ʻaʻohe hōʻike ʻē aʻe), he manaʻo ko mākou no kēia hana mana o ka hana ʻenekinia. Kūkulu ʻia ke alahaka mai nā paina ʻoka kū i luna a huki me kahi kiʻekiʻe o 7 - 8 mau mika (ʻo ka hohonu o ka Rhine ma ke kahua o ke alahaka he 6 mika). Mai luna mai, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā paila me nā kaola transverse, kahi i paʻa ai ka pūʻali o nā lāʻau. ʻO nā mea āpau e pili ana i nā mea āpau he 10 mau lā. I ka hoʻi ʻana i Roma, kauoha ʻo Kaisara e wāwahi i ke alahaka. Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi hewa i ka wā waena. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ua hoʻoponopono iki ʻo Andrea Palladio lāua ʻo Vincenzo Scamozzi iā Kaisara nui, "e hoʻoponopono ana" i ke ʻano o ke kūkulu ʻana a me ke ʻano o ke alahaka. Ua haʻi ʻo Napoleon Bonaparte, me kāna ʻano pono ʻole, he mea lapuwale nā kamaʻilio āpau e pili ana i ka uhi papa o ke alahaka, a ke hele nei nā legionnaires ma nā lāʻau kū ʻole. ʻO August von Zoghausen, he ʻenekaua pūʻali koa Prussian, i hele i mua. Ua helu ʻo ia inā ʻoe e hāmare i kahi puʻu me kahi wahine (kahi hāmare nui i hāpai ʻia i nā kaula) mai nā moku ʻelua, a laila hoʻohui pū me ia i ka hoʻolei ʻana, hiki nō paha ka papahana. He mea maopopo no ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o nā paila, pono e ʻokiʻoki i kahi ulu lāʻau ʻoka liʻiliʻi, a e ʻeli i kahi hale pōhaku e hoʻoliʻiliʻi hou ai. I ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua helu ka mea kākau moʻolelo ʻo Nikolai Ershovich me ka hana pālua o ka hoʻokele pile, he 40 mau lā o ka hana mau ʻana e hoʻokau wale i nā paila a me nā legionnaires a Kaisara. No laila, ʻo ke alahaka ma luna o ka Rhine kahi wale nō i ka manaʻo nui o Kaisara.
4. ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka hale alahaka ʻepekema ka ʻenekini Lūkini a me ka ʻepekema ʻo Dmitry Zhuravsky (1821 - 1891). ʻO ia ka mea i hoʻomaka e hoʻopili i nā helu ʻepekema a me ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana o ka unahi i ka hana alahaka. Ua hana ʻo Zhuravsky ma ke ʻano he ʻenekini ma ke kūkulu ʻana o ke alahao ʻoi loa loa i ka honua, ʻo St. Petersburg - Moscow. Ua hekili ka hanohano o nā mea kūkulu alahaka ʻAmelika i ka honua. ʻO William Howe ka mea hoʻomālamalama. Ua haku ʻo ia i kahi pahu lāʻau i paʻa ʻia e nā koʻokoʻo hao. Eia naʻe, he mea hōʻeuʻeu kēia hana hou. Ua kūkulu ʻo Gau a me kāna ʻoihana i nā alahaka he nui ma United States, akā kūkulu lākou iā lākou, e like me ka waiho ʻana o ka ʻepekema kaulana iā ia, empirically - me ka huikau. Pēlā nō, empirically, ua hiolo kēia mau alahaka. ʻO Zhuravsky, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua hoʻomaka i ka helu ʻana i ka ikaika o nā hale i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka makemakika, e hoʻemi ana i nā mea āpau i kahi papa hana o nā formulate. ʻAneʻane kokoke i nā alahaka o ke alahao ma Rūkia i ke kenekulia 19 i kūkulu ʻia ma lalo o ke alakaʻi ʻana a Zhuravsky, a i ʻole hoʻohana ʻana i kāna helu. Ua lilo nā ʻano i mea laulā i ke ao holoʻokoʻa - kūpono nō hoʻi lākou i ka helu ʻana i ka ikaika o ka piko o ka Hale Pule Nui o ka Hale Kukui ʻo Peter lāua ʻo Paul. I ka mea hou aku, kūkulu ʻo Dmitry Ivanovich i nā auwai, kūkulu hou i nā awa kai, no 10 mau makahiki i alakaʻi i ka ʻoihana o nā alahao, e hoʻonui nui nei i nā alaloa.
5. ʻO ke alahaka lōʻihi loa ma ka honua - Danyang-Kunshan viaduct. Ma lalo o 10 km o kona lōʻihi o 165 km hala ma luna o ka wai, akā ʻaʻole kēia e hana i ka ʻāpana o ke alaloa kiʻekiʻe ma waena o Nanjing a me Shanghai e maʻalahi e kūkulu. Eia nō naʻe, lawe ʻia nā limahana Kina a me nā ʻenekini he $ 10 biliona wale nō a ma kahi o 40 mau mahina e kūkulu i kēia moʻo nui i ka honua o nā alahaka. ʻO ke kūkulu wikiwiki ʻana o ka viaduct ma muli o ka pono politika. Mai ka 2007, ʻo ke alahaka ʻoi loa ma ka honua ʻo Zhanghua - Kaohsiung Viaduct. Kūkulu ʻia kēia mea hoʻopaʻa moʻolelo ma Taiwan, kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka Repubalika o Kina a manaʻo i nā luna o Beijing i kēia manawa he usurpers. Kuhi ʻia nā wahi 3 a 5 e nā alahaka Kina like ʻole a me nā alahaka mai 114 a 55 mau mile i ka lōʻihi. Ma ka hapalua o lalo o nā heʻumi kiʻekiʻe nā alahaka ma Thailand a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. ʻO ke kaikaina loa o nā alahaka lōʻihi loa o ʻAmelika, ʻo 38 mau mile ka lōʻihi ʻo Pontchartrain Lake Bridge, i kauoha ʻia ma 1979.
6. ʻO ka Bridge Bridge Brooklyn kaulana loa ma NūIoka i lawe maoli i nā ola o nā limahana he 27 wale nō, akā ʻelua hoʻi o kāna mau mea kūkulu hale nui: ʻo John Roebling a me kāna keiki ʻo Wakinekona. ʻO John Roebling, i ka manawa i hoʻomaka ai ke kūkulu ʻana o ke Alahaka ʻo Brooklyn, ua kūkulu ʻē i kahi keʻa uwea e noho ana ma luna o Niagara ma lalo pono o ka wailele kaulana. Hoʻohui, nona ka ʻoihana hao kaula hao nui. Ua hana ʻo Roebling Sr. i kahi papahana no ke alahaka a ma 1870 i hoʻomaka kona kūkulu ʻana. Ua hāʻawi ʻo Roebling i ke kauoha e hoʻomaka i ke kūkulu ʻana i ke alahaka, me ka ʻike ʻole ua make ʻo ia. I ke ana ʻana i hala, ua hoʻokuʻi ʻia kahi waʻa i ka moku e hāpai ana i ka ʻenekini. Ua ʻeha ka ʻenekini i nā manamana wāwae he nui. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ola hou i kēia ʻeha, ʻoiai ua ʻoki ʻia kona wāwae. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o kona makuakāne, ua lilo ʻo Wakinekona Roebling i ʻenekinia nui. Ua ʻike ʻo ia i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka Bridge Bridge, akā ua hōʻemi ʻia ke olakino ʻo Roebling Jr. ʻOiai e pili ana i kahi ulia i loko o ka caisson - kahi keʻena kahi i hoʻokau ʻia ai ka wai e ka ʻea kiʻekiʻe o ka ea no ka hana hohonu - ua ola ʻo ia i ka maʻi decompression a me ka lolo. Ua hoʻomau ʻo ia e kiaʻi i ke kūkulu ʻana, e noho ana ma kahi noho huila a kamaʻilio pū me nā mea kūkulu hale ma o kāna wahine, ʻo Anne Warren. Eia nō naʻe, makemake nui ʻo Wakinekona Roebling e ola ua ola ʻo ia a palaka a hiki i ka 1926.
7. ʻO ke alahaka ʻoi loa ma Rūsia ka "freshest" - ka Crimean Bridge. Hoʻokomo ʻia kāna ʻāpana kaʻa i ka hana ma 2018, a me ke ala kaʻaahi - i ka makahiki 2019. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana kaʻaahi he 18,018 mau mika, ka ʻāpana o ke alanui - 16,857 mau mika. ʻO ka lua a me ke kolu o nā wahi i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā alahaka lōʻihi loa ma Lūkia e noho ʻia e nā overpass o ka Western High-Speed Diameter ma St. Petersburg. ʻO ka lōʻihi o ka Overpass Hema ʻo 9,378 mika, ʻo ka North Overpass he 600 mika ka pōkole.
8. ʻO Trinity Bridge ma St. Petersburg i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua i kapa ʻia he nani Palani a i ʻole Palisa. I ke kaʻina o ka pili politika ma waena o Rūsia a me Palani, ka mahalo nui i nā mea āpau a Palani i hōʻea i nā lani kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā ʻoihana Farani a me nā ʻenekini wale nō ka i komo i ka hoʻokūkū no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka Trinity Bridge. ʻO Gustave Eiffel ka mea lanakila, ka mea nāna i kūkulu ka hale kiaʻi ma Palisa. Eia naʻe, ma muli o kekahi neʻe pohihihi o ka ʻuhane Lūkini, ua kauoha ʻia nā Batignolles e kūkulu i ke alahaka. ʻAʻole i hoʻohoka nā Farani, ua kūkulu lākou i nā mea hoʻonaninani hou o ke kūlanakauhale. Ua hoʻonani ʻia ʻo Trinity Bridge me nā obelisks kumu ma nā kapa ʻelua a me nā kukui e kalaunu ana i kēlā me kēia pou o ke alahaka. A mai ka Troitsky Bridge hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike he ʻehiku mau alahaka ʻo St. Petersburg i ka manawa hoʻokahi. I ka 2001 - 2003, ua kūkulu hou ʻia ke alahaka me ka hoʻololi o nā ʻāpana pōhaku paʻa i paʻa ʻia, ke alanui, nā ala kaʻaahi, kahi ʻano swing a me ke kau ʻana o nā kukui. Ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia nā mea hoʻonani a me nā mea kālai hale. Ma nā kaʻe o ke alahaka, ua hōʻike ʻia nā kuʻina pae nui.
9. ʻO ke ʻāpana o ke kiʻi kiʻi i ʻike ʻia i ke poʻo o ke kanaka ma ka huaʻōlelo ʻo "Ladana" he alahaka nō - pēlā nā cliches i hoʻokumu ʻia. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole nui nā alahaka ma ke kapikala Pelekane. Aia ma kahi o 30 wale nō. No ka hoʻohālikelike: manaʻo ka poʻe nāna i hoʻopaʻa i ka Guinness Book of Records aia ma kahi o 2,500 alahaka ma Hamburg, Kelemānia. Ma ʻAmekekona, aia a hiki i 1,200 alahaka, ma Venice, kahi e kū nei ma kahi o ka wai, aia he 400. Hiki iā St. Petersburg ke komo i loko o nā kūlanakauhale ʻekolu me ka nui o nā alahaka, inā helu ʻia nā alahaka ma nā kūlanakauhale ukali, a laila aia ma mua o 400 o lākou. ko lākou mau poʻo nui he 342, me 13 mau mea hoʻoneʻe.
10. ʻO ka mua o nā alahaka ma kēlā ʻaoʻao o ka muliwai Moskva ma ke kapikala Lūkini, no nā ʻano like, ʻaʻole i ʻelemakule. Kūkulu ʻia ia e ka mea hoʻolālā ʻo Roman Klein ma 1912 e hoʻomanaʻo ai i ka kenekulia o ke Kaua Patriotic. Mai ia manawa, kūkulu hou ʻia ke alahaka i ʻelua mau manawa. Ua hoʻololi ʻia nā pou e hāpai ana, ua hoʻonui ʻia ke alahaka, ua hoʻonui ʻia kona kiʻekiʻe - no kahi alahaka e kū ana i ʻelua mau kilomita mai ka Kremlin, ʻaʻole wale nā mea aesthetics he mea nui, akā ka lawe pū ʻana hoʻi i ka hiki. Mālama pono ʻia ke ʻano o ke alahaka me kāna mau kāleka ʻoihana - nā porticos a me nā obelisks.
11. ʻO ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia XXI ka makahiki gula o ka hale alahaka Lūkini. Me ka ʻole o ka leʻaleʻa nui, me ka ʻole o ka hoʻolaha ʻana i nā papahana aupuni a i ʻole nā papahana kūkulu ākea ākea, ua kūkulu ʻia he mau kakā o nā alahaka o ka lōʻihi loa a me kahi paʻakikī paʻakikī o ka kūkulu ʻana i ka ʻāina. Ua lawa ia e ʻōlelo ai 9 mai ka 10 a me ka 17 mai ka 20 o nā alahaka Lūkini lōʻihi loa i kūkulu ʻia ma 2000-2020. Aia ma waena o nā "oldies" ma ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe ke alahaka ʻo Amur ma Khabarovsk (3,891 mika, ma kahi o 8), hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka bila ʻelima kaukani. ʻO Saratov Bridge (2804, 11) a me Metro Bridge ma Novosibirsk (2 145, 18) i waena o nā alahaka Lūkia lōʻihi he iwakālua.
12. ʻO ka hopena o ke alahaka ʻo St. Petersburg mua loa he kūpono ia e hoʻomau i ka puke. Ua kūkulu ʻia e Alexander Menshikov ma 1727. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Peter I, ka mea i ʻae ʻole i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā alahaka ma St. Petersburg, ua lilo ka punahele i mea mana loa a hoʻohana i ke kūlana o ka adimarala. A aia ka Admiralty mai ka waiwai ʻo Menshikov ma ka mokupuni ʻo Vasilievsky ma ʻō aku o ka Neva - maʻalahi ka hele ʻana i ka lawelawe me ka hoʻololi ʻole i nā moku a hoʻi i hope. No laila ua kūkulu lākou i kahi alahaka lana, ka mea i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia no ka holo ʻana o nā moku a wāwahi ʻia no ka hoʻoilo. I ka hoʻokahuli ʻia ʻana o Menshikov, ua kauoha ʻo ia e hemo i ke alahaka. Ua kiʻi ʻia i ka mokupuni, a ua huki ʻia ke alahaka me ka wikiwiki phenomenal e nā poʻe o St. Ua kūkulu hou ʻia ke alahaka ʻo ʻIsaaka (St. Isaac's Church kokoke i ke alahaka kokoke i ka Admiralty) i ka makahiki 1732, akā ua luku koke ʻia ia e kahi kahawai. I ka 1733, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka ikaika o ke alahaka, a kū ia a hiki i 1916. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i ka 1850 ua hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ka Spit of Vasilievsky Island a ua lilo ke alahaka i Bridge Bridge. Maliʻa paha, ma ke ʻano he kia hoʻomanaʻo o ka wā kahiko, ua ola ke alahaka a hiki i kēia lā, akā ua manaʻo kekahi i ka wā o nā mokuahi e hoʻonohonoho i kahi hale ʻaila māhu ma luna. Ua wānana ʻia ka hopena: i ke kauwela o 1916, hoʻā nā ahi mai nā limahana i nā hale a hōʻea koke ka lapalapa i ka ʻaila māhū. Ua puhi ke koena o ke alahaka i kekahi mau lā. Akā ʻo ia nō ke alahaka mua o ka honua me nā kukui uila - i ka 1879, ua kau ʻia kekahi mau kukui e P.N. Yablochkov ma luna.
13. E like me kāu e ʻike ai, pono ʻoe e uku no kahi maʻalahi. Hāʻawi pinepine nā alahaka i nā ola kanaka no kā lākou maʻalahi. I kekahi manawa luku ʻia lākou ma muli o ka noʻonoʻo ʻole a kanaka ʻole paha o ke kanaka, i kekahi manawa no nā kumu kūlohelohe, akā ʻoi pinepine ka luku ʻia ʻana o ke alahaka e nā mea āpau āpau. ʻO nā hihia ma Angers, Palani (1850) a i ʻole ma St. Petersburg (1905), i ka wā i hiolo ai nā alahaka no ka hele ʻana o nā pūʻali koa me nā haʻalulu o ke alahaka, hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia he kumu kūpono. ʻO Clark Eldridge lāua ʻo Leon Moiseeff, ke hoʻolālā ʻana i kahi alahaka ma Tacoma Narrows i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, nānā pū ʻole i ka resonance, i kēia hihia ua pā ka makani. Ua hiolo ke alahaka i mua o kekahi mau mea kāmela i kiʻi i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Akā ʻo ke alahaka ma luna o ka Firth o Tay ma Skotlandia i 1879 i hiolo ʻaʻole wale no ka makani nui a me nā nalu, akā no ka mea ʻaʻole i hoʻolālā ʻia nā kākoʻo no kahi ukana paʻakikī - ua hoʻokumu ʻia kekahi kaʻaahi ma ke alahaka. Ua lilo nā wai o ka puʻu ʻo Tei i ilina no 75 mau kānaka. ʻO ka "Bridge Bridge" ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma waena o West Virginia a me Ohio, i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1927, luhi wale nō ia i loko o 40 mau makahiki. Ua helu ʻia i ka neʻe ʻana o nā kaʻa kaʻa kauona he 600 - 800 kg a me nā kalaka e like ana. A i nā makahiki 1950, ua hoʻomaka ka wā o ke kaʻa gigantism, a ua hoʻomaka nā kaʻa e kaupaona ana i ka nui o kahi kalaka ma mua o ke kaua ma ka "Bridge Bridge". I hoʻokahi lā, mamao loa mai ke kūpono no nā poʻe 46, ua hāʻule ke alahaka i loko o ka wai o Ohio. Minamina, e hoʻomau ka hāʻule o nā alahaka - hopohopo ʻole nā mokuʻāina i kēia manawa no ka hoʻopukapuka ʻana i nā ʻoihana, a pono nā ʻoihana pilikino i nā loaʻa wikiwiki. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke kiʻi mai nā alahaka.
14. I ka makahiki 1850 ma St. Petersburg ua hoʻopau ʻia ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi alahaka hao ma luna o Neva, kokoke 300 mika ka lōʻihi. I ka mua, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Blagoveshchensky e ka inoa o kahi hale pule kokoke. A laila, ma hope o ka make ʻana o Nicholas I, ua kapa ʻia ʻo Nikolaevsky. ʻO ke alahaka ka lōʻihi loa ma ʻEulopa. Ua hoʻomaka koke lākou e haku i nā moʻolelo a me nā kaʻao e pili ana iā ia. ʻO ka mōʻī, ka mea nāna i hana ke alahaka, ʻo Stanislav Kerbedzu, i ʻōlelo ʻia i hoʻonoho ʻia i ke kūlana koa hou aʻe ma hope o ke kau ʻana o kēlā me kēia pā. Hoʻomaka ʻo Kerbedz e kūkulu i kahi alahaka i ke kūlana o ka mea nui. Inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo ka moʻolelo, ma hope o ka lele ʻelima, e lilo ʻo ia i pūkaua nui, a laila pono ʻo Nikolai e hoʻolālā i ʻekolu mau kūlana hou aʻe e like me ka nui o nā lele i koe. ʻO nā kāne e hele wāwae ana me nā wahine e hakakā pū kekahi me kekahi e pili ana i ka leʻaleʻa o ke alahaka - no ka manawa lōʻihi ʻo ia wale nō ka mea i ʻae ʻia ka puhipaka - ʻo ke koena o nā alahaka i hana ʻia i ka lāʻau. Ma mua iki o kona make ʻana, ʻo Nicholas I, e maalo ana i ke alahaka, hālāwai akula me kahi huakaʻi hoʻolewa kūpono. Ua kanu lākou i kahi koa i lawelawe i ka mea i kauoha ʻia 25 makahiki. Ua hele ka emepera i waho o ke kaʻa a hele wāwae i ke koa i kāna huakaʻi hope loa. Ua koi ʻia ka limahana e hana like.ʻO ka mea hope loa, ma ʻOkakopa 25, 1917, kahi kī mai ka pū 6-inch o ka mokuahi Aurora, kahi i kū kokoke i ke alahaka ʻo Nikolaevsky, hāʻawi i ka hōʻailona no ka hoʻomaka o ka hoʻokahuli ʻOkakopa, a ma hope ua kapa ʻia ʻo Great October Socialist Revolution
15. Mai ka 1937 a hiki i ka 1938, ua kūkulu ʻia a kūkulu hou ʻia he 14 mau alahaka ma Moscow. Aia ma waena o lākou ka Crimean Bridge (Moscow) wale nō i hoʻomaha ʻia ma ke kapitala nui, kahi makemake nui i ka poʻe e makemake e pepehi kanaka, a me ka Bolshoi Kamenny Bridge - wehe ʻia ka panorama kaulana o Kremlin. ʻO Bolshoi Moskvoretsky Bridge, kahi e hoʻohui iā Vasilievsky Spusk me Bolshaya Ordynka, ua kūkulu hou ʻia. Aia kekahi keʻa ma aneʻi i ke kenekulia 16, a ua kūkulu ʻia ke alahaka mua i ka makahiki 1789. I nā manawa i hala iho nei, ua ʻike ʻia kēia alahaka no ka mea ma luna ona kahi mokulele māmā o ka Kelemānia Matthias Rust i pae aku ai, i ka 1987 i lanakila i ka ʻōnaehana pale ea holoʻokoʻa o ka USSR. A laila kūkulu ʻia ke alahaka metro kahiko ma Rūsia, ʻo Smolensky. ʻO ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi mua o ke alahaka kū hoʻokahi kapana 150-mika ka lōʻihi i hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā paia ʻeleʻele o ke alapiʻi metro a me nā ʻike kupaianaha o ka muliwai Moskva a me kāna mau kapa i ʻike maka ʻole ʻia.
