ʻO Plutarch, inoa piha Mestrius Plutarch - ka mea kākau Helene kahiko a me ke akeakamai, ke ʻano lehulehu o ka wā Roma. ʻO ia ka mea i ʻike nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he mea kākau o ka hana "Comparative Biographies", nāna i wehewehe i nā kiʻi o nā kiʻi kālaiʻāina kaulana o Ancient Greece a me Roma.
Aia i loko o kā Plutarch moʻolelo pilikino nā mea hoihoi mai kona ola pilikino a me ka lehulehu.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Plutarch.
ʻO kā Plutarch moʻolelo moʻomanaʻo
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Plutarch ma 46 i ke kauhale o Heronia (Roman Empire). Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana waiwai.
ʻO nā mea hou aʻe e pili ana i nā makahiki mua o ko Plutarch ola moʻolelo ʻaʻole maopopo i kekahi mea.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
I ke kamaliʻi, ua aʻo ʻo Plutarch me kāna kaikaina ʻo Lamprius i nā puke like ʻole, e loaʻa ana kahi aʻo maikaʻi maikaʻi ma Athens. I kona wā ʻōpio, ua aʻo ʻo Plutarch i ke akeakamai, ka makemakika a me ka haʻi ʻōlelo. Ua aʻo nui ʻo ia i ke akeakamai mai nā ʻōlelo a ka Platonist Ammonius.
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua kipa ʻo Plutarch, me kona kaikaina ʻo Ammonius, iā Delphi. He mea nui kēia huakaʻi i ka moʻolelo pilikanaka o ka mea kākau e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻoikaika ʻo ia i kona ola pilikino a me ka moʻokalaleo (e ʻike i nā mea hoihoi e pili ana i nā puke).
I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua komo ʻo Plutarch i ka lawelawe kīwila. I loko o kona ola, ua paʻa ʻo ia ma mua o hoʻokahi keʻena lehulehu.
Akeakamai a me ka palapala
Ua aʻo ʻo Plutarch i kāna mau keikikāne e heluhelu a kākau me kona lima ponoʻī, a hoʻonohonoho pinepine i nā hālāwai ʻōpio i ka hale. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi ʻano kula ʻimi pilikino, e hana ana ma ke ʻano he kumu aʻo a haʻi ʻōlelo hoʻi.
Ua manaʻo ka mea noʻonoʻo iā ia iho ʻo ia nā mea ukali iā Plato. Eia nō naʻe, i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua pili ʻo ia i ka eclecticism - kahi ʻano hana i ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana akeakamai e ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā lako like i hōʻaiʻē ʻia mai nā kula akeakamai.
ʻOiai i loko o kāna mau aʻo ʻana, ua hui ʻo Plutarch i nā peripatetics - nā haumāna o Aristotle, a me nā Stoics. Ma hope ua hoʻopiʻi nui ʻo ia i ke aʻo ʻana a ka Stoics a me nā Epicurean (e nānā iā Epicurus).
Hele pinepine ka mea akeakamai i ka honua. Mahalo i kēia, ua hoʻokokoke ʻo ia e hoʻokokoke aku i nā Roman Neopythagoreans.
He waiwai maoli ka hoʻoilina moʻomeheu a Plutarch. Ua kākau ʻo ia ma kahi o 210 mau hana, a ʻo ka hapa nui i koe a hiki i kēia lā.
ʻO nā mea i makemake nui ʻia ʻo "Comparative Biographies" a me ka pōʻaiapuni "Morals", nona nā hana he 78. I ka hana mua, ua hōʻike ka mea kākau i 22 mau moʻolelo pilikino o nā Helene kaulana a me nā Roma.
Aia i loko o ka puke nā moʻolelo pilikino a Julius Caesar, Pericles, Alexander the Great, Cicero, Artaxerxes, Pompey, Solon a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ʻē aʻe. Koho ka mea kākau i nā pālua ma ke kumu o ka like o nā huapalapala a me nā hana a kekahi poʻe.
ʻO ka pōʻaiapuni "Morals", na Plutarch i kākau, ʻaʻole i hāpai wale i kahi hana hoʻonaʻauao wale nō, akā kahi hana aʻo hoʻi. Ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia me nā mea heluhelu e pili ana i ka walaʻau, ka makaʻu, ka naʻauao, a me nā ʻano ʻē aʻe. Eia kekahi, i ka hana, ua nānā ʻia ka hānai ʻana i nā keiki.
ʻAʻole hoʻi ʻo Plutarch i kāpae i ka politika, kahi i makemake nui ʻia i waena o nā Helene a me nā Roma.
Ua kamaʻilio ʻo ia e pili ana i ka politika i nā hana e like me "Instruction on State Affairs" a me "On Monarchy, Democracy and Oligarchy."
Ma hope mai, ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Plutarch i ke kamaʻāina Roma, a ua loaʻa pū kekahi keʻena lehulehu. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi koke ʻia nā hoʻololi koʻikoʻi i ka moʻolelo pilikanaka o ke akeakamai.
I ka wā i hele ai ʻo Titus Flavius Domitian i ka mana, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻokaumaha ʻia o ke kūʻokoʻa ʻōlelo i ka mokuʻāina. ʻO ka hopena, ua koi ʻia ʻo Plutarch e hoʻi i Chaeronea i ʻole e hoʻopaʻi ʻia ka make no kāna mau manaʻo a me kāna mau ʻōlelo.
Ua kipa aku ka mea kākau i nā kūlanakauhale Helene nui a pau, e hana ana i nā mea nui he nui a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana i kahi nui o nā mea.
Ua ʻae kēia iā Plutarch e paʻi i nā hana e like me "On Isis a me Osiris", ka mea i hōʻike ʻia i kona ʻike i ka moʻomeheu kahiko o ʻAigupita, a me kahi puke 2-puke - "Nīnau Helene" a me "Nīnau Nū Roma".
Ua kālailai ʻia kēia mau hana i ka mōʻaukala o nā mana nui ʻelua, ʻelua mau moʻoʻōlelo o ko Alexander Nui a me kekahi mau hana ʻē aʻe.
ʻIke mākou e pili ana i nā manaʻo akeakamai o Plato mahalo i nā puke e like me "Nīnau Platonic", "Ma nā Kūʻē o nā Stoika", "Nā Kamaʻilio Papa", "Ma ka Hoʻoholo o nā Oracles" a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he nui.
Ke ola pilikino
ʻAʻole maopopo nui iā mākou e pili ana i ka ʻohana o Plutarch. Ua male ʻo ia iā Timoksen. He ʻehā keiki kāne a hoʻokahi a hoʻokahi kaikamahine. I ka manawa like, ua make ke kaikamahine a me kekahi o nā keikikāne i ka wā kamaliʻi.
I ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻiʻini o kāna wahine no nā keiki i nalowale, ua kākau ʻo ia i mea nui nona nona ka moʻolelo "Consolation to the Wife", i ola a hiki i kēia lā.
Make
ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka lā kikoʻī o ka make ʻana o Plutarch. ʻAe ʻae ʻia ua make ʻo ia i 127. Inā he ʻoiaʻiʻo kēia, a laila ua ola ʻo ia i kēia ala no 81 mau makahiki.
Ua make ʻo Plutarch i kona kauhale o Chaeronea, akā ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia ma Delphi - e like me kona makemake. Ua kūkulu ʻia kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo ma ka lua kupapaʻu o ka poʻe akamai, kahi a nā archaeologists i ʻike ai i ka 1877, i ka wā o ka ʻeli ʻana.
ʻO kahi lua pele ma ka Moon a me kahi asteroid 6615 i kapa ʻia ma muli o Plutarch.
