ʻO Lev Semyonovich Pontryagin (1908-1988) - ʻO ka makemakika Soviet, kekahi o nā makemakika ʻoi loa o ka 20 kenekulia, mea kālaiʻike o ka USSR Academy of Science. ʻO ka Laureate o ka Lenin Prize, ka Stalin Prize o ka kekelē 2 a me ka USSR State Prize.
Ua hana nui ʻo ia i ka algebraic a me ka topology ʻokoʻa, ka manaʻo oscillation, ka helu o nā ʻano like ʻole, ka mana hoʻomalu. He mana nui nā hana o ke kula ʻo Pontryagin i ka hoʻomohala ʻia ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo a me ka helu o nā ʻano like ʻole ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Pontryagin, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Lev Pontryagin.
Kawaihae o Pontryagin
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Lev Pontryagin ma ʻAukake 21 (Kepakemapa 3) 1908 ma Moscow. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i kahi ʻohana papa hana maʻalahi.
Ua puka ka makuakāne makemakika ʻo Semyon Akimovich mai ka papa 6 o ke kula kūlanakauhale, a ma hope ua hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he mea helu kālā. ʻO ka makuahine, ʻo Tatyana Andreevna, i hana ma ke ʻano he lole, ʻoiai e loaʻa ana nā mākau noʻonoʻo maikaʻi.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
I ka makahiki 14 o Pontryagin, ua lilo ia i mea i loaʻa ʻia i kahi ulia. Ma muli o ka pahū o ka primus, ua loaʻa iā ia kahi wela nui i kona alo.
ʻO kona olakino olakino i ke ʻano pilikia. Ma ke ʻano he hopena, ua oki ʻo ia i ka ʻike ʻana. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana a nā kauka e hoʻihoʻi i ka maka o ka ʻōpio opio i kahi holomua.
Eia kekahi, ma hope o ke kaha ʻana, ua wela loa ka maka o Leo, a ʻo kahi hopena ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke ʻike hou.
No ka makuakāne, he kuʻi maoli ka pōʻino a ke keiki, ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻōla. Ua lilo koke ke poʻo o ka ʻohana i ka hiki ke hana a i ka makahiki 1927 ua make ʻo ia i ka maʻi palapū.
Ua hana ka wahine kāne make i ka mea hiki e hoʻohauʻoli i kāna keiki. Me ka loaʻa ʻole o kahi aʻo makemakika kūpono, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia, me Lev, e hoʻopaʻa i ka makemakika i mea e hoʻomākaukau ai iā ia no ke komo ʻana i kahi kulanui.
A ʻo kahi hopena, ua hiki iā Pontryagin ke hoʻoholo kūleʻa i nā hōʻike ma ke kula nui no ka ʻoihana physics a me ka makemakika.
I loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino o Lev Pontryagin, aia kekahi hanana hoihoi loa i kū ma kekahi o nā haʻiʻōlelo. I ka wehewehe ʻana o kekahi o nā polofesa i kekahi kumuhana ʻē aʻe i nā haumāna, me ka hoʻopiha ʻana me ia i nā wehewehe ʻana ma ka papa ʻeleʻele, lohe koke ʻia ka leo o kahi makapō Leo: "E ke kumu, ua kuhihewa ʻoe i ke kaha kiʻi ʻana."
E like me ka mea i puka aʻe, ua "lohe" ka makapō ʻo Pontryagin i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā leka ma ke kaha kiʻi a kuhi koke nō aia he kuhi hewa.
ʻOihana ʻepekema
I ka makahiki ʻelua wale nō o ke kulanui ʻo Pontryagin, ua hana ʻo ia i nā hana ʻepekema.
I ka makahiki 22, ua lilo ke kāne i polopeka kōkua o ka 'Oihana o Algebra ma kona kulanui' ōiwi, a ua pau 'o ia i ka Institute Research of Matematika a me ka Mekanika o ke Kulanui' o State State. 5 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua loaʻa iā ia ke kekelē o ka kauka kauka a me ka makemakika.
Wahi a Lev Pontryagin, makemake ʻo ia i ka makemakika i mea e hoʻoponopono ai i nā pilikia koʻikoʻi o ke kaiāulu.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻopaʻa ka moʻomeheu o ka ʻepekema i nā hana a Henri Poincaré, George Birkhoff lāua ʻo Marston Morse. Me kāna mau hoa hana, ua ʻākoakoa pinepine ʻo ia ma ka home e heluhelu a ʻōlelo ma nā hana a kēia mau mea kākau.
Ma 1937, ʻo Pontryagin, me kāna hoa hana ʻo Alexander Andronov, i hōʻike i kahi hana ma nā ʻōnaehana dynamical i loaʻa nā noi. I kēlā makahiki hoʻokahi, ua paʻi ʻia kahi ʻatikala he ʻaoʻao ʻehā ʻo "Rough Systems" i loko o nā Reports of the Academy of Science of the USSR, ma ke kumu i hoʻomohala ʻia kahi kumumanaʻo nui o nā ʻōnaehana dynamical.
Ua kōkua nui ʻo Lev Pontryagin i ka ulu ʻana o topology, a he mea kaulana ia i kēlā manawa i ka honua ʻepekema.
Ua hiki i ka makemakika ke hoʻonui i ke kānāwai pili lua o Alexander a, ma ke kumu, hoʻomohala i ke kumumanaʻo o nā huapalapala o nā hui mau (Pontryagin character). Eia hou, ua loaʻa iā ia nā hopena kiʻekiʻe ma ka homotopy theory, a hoʻoholo pū i nā pilina ma waena o nā hui Betti.
Ua hōʻike ʻo Pontryagin i ka hoihoi i ka manaʻo o oscillations. Ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻike i nā asymptotics o ka hoʻomaha oscillations.
I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic (1941-1945), ua hoihoi ʻo Lev Semyonovich i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻoponopono aunoa. Ma hope ua hiki iā ia ke hōʻemi i ke kumumanaʻo o nā pāʻani ʻokoʻa.
Ua hoʻomau ʻo Pontryagin i ka "polish" i kona mau manaʻo me kāna mau haumāna. ʻO ka mea hope loa, mahalo i ka hana hui, ua hiki i nā makemakika ke hana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻomalu maikaʻi loa, a Lev Semenovich i kapa ai ka hoʻokō nui o kā lākou hana āpau.
Mahalo i nā helu, ua hiki i ka ʻepekema ke kiʻi i ka loina i kapa ʻia ʻoi loa, i hoʻomaka ʻia e kāhea ʻia - ke kumu nui ʻo Pontryagin.
No kā lākou mau mea i hoʻokō ai, ua hāʻawi ʻia kahi hui o nā ʻepekema ʻōpio i alakaʻi ʻia e Lev Pontryagin i ka Makana Lenin (1962).
Nā hana Pedagogical a me nā hana kaiaulu
Ua nānā nui ʻo Pontryagin i ka ʻōnaehana o ke aʻo ʻana i ka makemakika i nā ʻoihana aʻo.
I kona manaʻo, pono i nā keiki kula e aʻo wale i nā hana nui a me ka maikaʻi o ka helu ʻana i hiki ke pono iā lākou i ke ola hope. ʻAʻole pono i nā haumāna ke loaʻa kahi ʻike hohonu loa, ʻoiai ʻaʻole pono ia mau mea iā lākou i ke ola o kēlā me kēia lā.
Eia kekahi, ua kākoʻo ʻo Lev Pontryagin e hōʻike i nā kumuwaiwai i nā ʻōlelo i hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia ʻaʻole e kamaʻilio kahi mea kūkulu hale e pili ana i 2 mau papa hana like (a i ʻole ka mea humuhumu e pili ana i nā "ʻāpana lole like"), akā ʻo ia wale nō nā papa like (ʻāpana lole).
I loko o nā 40-50, ua ʻimi pinepine ʻo Pontryagin e hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻepekema repressed. Mahalo i kāna mau hoʻoikaika ʻana, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā makemakika ʻo Rokhlin lāua ʻo Efremovich.
Ua hoʻopiʻi pinepine ʻia ʻo Pontryagin i ka anti-Semitism. Eia naʻe, ua ʻōlelo mai ka makemakika ʻo kēlā mau ʻōlelo āpau i kamaʻilio ʻia iā ia ʻaʻole ia he mea ʻino aʻe.
I ka wā ʻelemakule, ua hoʻohewa ʻo Lev Pontryagin i nā papahana e pili ana i ka huli ʻana o nā muliwai Siberian. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kūkākūkā e pili ana i nā hewa makemakika e pili ana i ka pae o ke kai Caspian ma kahi hālāwai o nā makemakika o ka USSR Academy of Science.
Ke ola pilikino
No kekahi manawa lōʻihi, ʻaʻole i hiki iā Leo ke hoʻokō i ka kūleʻa ma mua ponoʻī. Ua lili ka makuahine i kāna keiki kāne no kāna mau mea i wae ʻia, a ʻo kahi hopena i kamaʻilio wale ai ʻo ia no lākou ma ke ʻano maikaʻi ʻole.
No kēia kumu, ʻaʻole male hope ʻo Pontryagin, akā ua hoʻomanawanui nō hoʻi i nā hoʻāʻo koʻikoʻi i loko o nā male ʻelua.
ʻO ka wahine mua o ka makemakika ka biologist Taisiya Samuilovna ʻIvanaova. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia lāua i kā lāua pilina ma 1941, a noho pū lāua no 11 mau makahiki.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻoiai ʻaʻole i kākau i kahi pepa kākau ma mua, ua kākau ʻo Lev Semenovich i kahi Ph.D. puke kākau no kāna wahine e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā ʻūhini, hopohopo nui no kāna pale. I ka pale kūleʻa ʻana o Taisiya iā ia iho, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Pontryagin i kēia manawa hiki iā ia ke kaʻawale me ia "me ka lunamanaʻo maopopo".
I ka makahiki 1958, male hou ke kāne me Alexandra Ignatievna. Aloha nui ʻo ia i kāna wahine a hoʻāʻo mau e hāʻawi iā ia i ka nānā a hiki.
ʻOiai makapō ʻo Pontryagin, ʻaʻole pono ʻo ia i ke kōkua a kekahi. Ua hele wāwae ʻo ia i nā alanui, hāʻule pinepine a ʻeha. ʻO ka hopena, ua nui nā scars a me nā abrasion ma kona alo.
Eia kekahi, i ke kau waena o ke kenekulia i hala, ua aʻo ʻo Lev Semenovich i ka heʻe ski a me ka heʻe ʻana, a ʻau pū kekahi i kahi kayak.
Nā makahiki i hala a me ka make
ʻAʻole i loaʻa iā Pontryagin kahi paʻakikī no ka mea makapō ʻo ia. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i ʻōhumuhumu e pili ana i kona ola, no ka hopena i ʻike ʻole kona mau hoaaloha iā ia he makapō.
He mau makahiki ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua maʻi ka ʻepekema me ka maʻi puʻupuʻu a me ka niumonia. Ma ke aʻo a kāna wahine, ua lilo ʻo ia i mea ʻai. Ua ʻōlelo ke kāne he ʻai wale nō ka mea ʻai i kōkua iā ia e kū i ka maʻi.
Ua make ʻo Lev Semenovich Pontryagin ma ka lā 3 o Mei, 1988 i ka makahiki 79.
Nā kiʻi Pontryagin
