ʻO Kirill (i ka honua Konstantin inoa kapakapa Akeakamai; 827-869) a me Metodius (i ka honua Mikaele; 815-885) - nā haipule o nā hale pule Orthodox a me Katolika, nā hoahānau mai ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Tesaliki (ʻo Tesaliki i kēia manawa), nā mea hana o ka pīʻāpā Slavonic kahiko a me ka ʻōlelo Slavonic Church, nā mikionali Kalikiano.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o nā moʻolelo ola a Cyril a me Methodius e ʻōlelo ʻia ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua o kou moʻolelo pilikino o nā kaikaina ʻo Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius.
ʻO Biograpies a Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius
ʻO Metius ka hānau mua o nā kaikaina ʻelua (ma mua o kāna tonure Michael), i hānau ʻia ma 815 ma ke kūlanakauhale Byzantine o Tesalonike. Ma hope o 12 mau makahiki, i ka makahiki 827, ua hānau ʻia ʻo Cyril (ma mua o ka paona kinikini Constantine). ʻO nā mākua o nā haʻi haʻi e hiki mai ana he 5 mau keiki kāne hou.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
ʻO Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius mai kahi ʻohana hanohano a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi alakaʻi koa i kapa ʻia ʻo Leo. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei nā mea kākau moʻolelo e pili ana i ka lāhui o kēia ʻohana. Hoʻonohonoho kekahi iā lākou i nā Slav, i kekahi i nā Bulgarians, a ʻo kekahi i nā Helene.
I ke kamaliʻi, ua loaʻa iā Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius kahi aʻo maikaʻi loa. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ʻaʻole i hui pū ʻia nā kaikunāne e nā makemake like. No laila, ua hele ʻo Methodius i ka pūʻali koa, a ma hope ua lawe i ka noho kiaʻāina o ka moku Byzantine, e hōʻike ana iā ia iho he aliʻi mākaukau.
Mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Cyril e ka hoihoi nui. Ua hoʻohana ʻo ia i kāna manawa manawaleʻa a pau i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā puke, a he waiwai nui ia mau lā.
Ua ʻike ʻia ke keiki e ka hoʻomanaʻo poʻokela a me ka hiki i ka noʻonoʻo. Eia kekahi, ua mākaukau ʻo ia i ka Helene, Slavic, Hebrew a me ka Aramaic. Ma hope o ke aʻo ʻana ma ke Kulanui o Magnavr, ke aʻo nei ka 20-makahiki i ke akeakamai.
ʻOihana Kristiano
ʻOiai i kona wā ʻōpio, he manawa kupanaha kā Cyril e lilo i luna kūlana kiʻekiʻe, a i ka wā e hiki mai ana, ka luna koa nui o ka pūʻali koa. Akā naʻe, ua haʻalele ʻo ia i kāna ʻoihana hana honua, e hoʻoholo ana e hoʻopili i kona ola me ka hoʻomana.
I kēlā mau makahiki, ua hana nā luna Byzantine i nā mea āpau e hoʻolaha ai i ka Orthodoxy. E hana i kēia, ua hoʻouna ke aupuni i nā diplomats a me nā mikionali i nā wahi i makemake nui ʻia ʻo Islam a me nā hoʻomana ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, ua hoʻomaka ʻo Cyril e komo i nā hana mikionali, e haʻi ana i nā waiwai Karistiano i nā lāhui ʻē aʻe.
I kēlā manawa, ua hoʻoholo ʻo Methodius e haʻalele i ka hana politika a me ka pūʻali koa, e ukali ana i kāna kaikaina i ka mōneka. Ua alakaʻi kēia i ka mea i ka makahiki 37 ua lawe ʻo ia i nā hoʻohiki monastic.
Ma 860, ua kono ʻia ʻo Cyril i ka hale aliʻi i ka mōʻī, kahi i kauoha ʻia ai ʻo ia e hui pū me ka mikiona Khazar. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua hoʻohiki nā ʻelele o ka Khazar Kagan e ʻae i ka hoʻomana Kalikiano ma muli o ka maopopo o ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kēia manaʻoʻiʻo.
I ka paio e hiki mai ana, koi ʻia nā mikionali Kalikiano e hōʻoia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o kā lākou hoʻomana i nā Mahometa a me nā manaʻo. Ua lawe ʻo Cyril i kona kaikuaʻana ʻo Methodius me ia a hele i ka Khazars. Wahi a kekahi mau kumuwaiwai, ua lanakila lanakila ʻo Kirill ma ke kūkākūkā ʻana me ka imam Muslim, akā naʻe me kēia, ʻaʻole i hoʻololi ka hanana i kona manaʻoʻiʻo.
Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ka Khazars i kāohi i ko lākou mau hoa ʻohana i makemake e ʻae i ka hoʻomana Kalikiano. I kēlā manawa, ua hana ʻia kahi hanana nui i ka moʻolelo ola o Cyril a me Methodius.
I ko lākou hoʻi ʻana i ka home, kū nā kaikunāne ma Crimea, kahi i hiki ai iā lākou ke ʻike i nā relic o Clement, ka Pope hemolele, i lawe ʻia i Roma. Ma hope mai, ua kū kekahi hanana nui i ke ola o nā haʻi haʻi ʻōlelo.
I ka manawa i huli aku ke kamāliʻikāne o nā ʻāina Moravian (Slavic state) ʻo Rostislav i ke aupuni o Constantinople no ke kōkua. Ua noi ʻo ia e hoʻouna i nā theologians Karistiano iā ia, ka mea hiki ke wehewehe i nā aʻo Kristiano i ka poʻe i kahi ʻano maʻalahi.
No laila, makemake ʻo Rostislav e kāpae i ka mana o nā pīhopa Kelemania. ʻO kēia huakaʻi a Cyril a me Methodius i iho i ka mōʻaukala honua - ua hana ʻia ka pīʻāpā Slavic. Ma Moravia, ua hana nui nā kaikaina i kahi hana aʻo nui.
Ua unuhi ʻo Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius i nā puke Helene, ua aʻo aku i ka poʻe Slav e heluhelu a kākau a ua hōʻike i ka hana ʻana i nā lawelawe akua. Kauō ʻia kā lākou mau kaʻaahi no 3 mau makahiki, i ka manawa a lākou e mālama ai i nā hopena nui. Hoʻomākaukau kā lākou mau hana hoʻonaʻauao iā Bulgaria no ka bapetizo ʻana.
I ka makahiki 867, ua koi ʻia nā hoahānau e hele i Roma ma ke ʻano he hōʻino. Ua kapa aku ka hale pule komohana i nā heretics ʻo Cyril a me Methodius, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana lākou i ka ʻōlelo Slavic e heluhelu ai i nā haʻiʻōlelo, a ua manaʻo ʻia he hewa ia.
I kēlā au, hiki ke kūkākūkā wale ʻia kekahi kumuhana theological i ka Greek, Latin a i ʻole Hebrew. I ko lākou ala i Roma, ua kū ʻo Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius ma ka noho aliʻi ʻo Blatensky. Ma aneʻi ua hiki iā lākou ke hāʻawi i nā haʻiʻōlelo, a me ke aʻo ʻana i ka heluna lehulehu i ke kālepa puke.
I ka hōʻea ʻana i ʻItalia, ua hāʻawi aku nā mikionali i nā kāhuna i nā relic o Clement, a lākou i lawe pū mai ai. Ua hauʻoli loa ka Pope Adrian II hou me nā relic i ʻae ʻo ia i nā lawelawe i ka ʻōlelo Slavic. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i kēia wā o kēia hālāwai ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Methodius i ke kūlana episkopal.
I ka makahiki 869 ua make ʻo Cyril, a ma muli o ka hopena a Metode i hoʻomau ai i ka hana mikionali. I kēlā manawa, ua nui nā mea ukali iā ia. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ia e hoʻi i Moravia e hoʻomau i ka hana āna i hoʻomaka ai ma laila.
Ma aneʻi i kū pono ai ʻo Methodius i ke kūʻē kūʻē i ke kanaka o nā kāhuna pule Kelemania. ʻO ka noho aliʻi o ka mea i make ʻo Rostislav i lawe ʻia e kāna keiki hanauna ʻo Svyatopolk, ka mea kūpaʻa i ke kulekele o nā Kelemania. Ua hana ka mea hope loa i ka mea hiki e keakea i ka hana o ka mōneka.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo e alakaʻi i nā lawelawe akua i ka ʻōlelo Slavic ua hoʻomaʻau ʻia. He mea hoihoi ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo Methodius i ka hale paʻahao no 3 mau makahiki. Ua kōkua ʻo Pope John VIII i ka Byzantine e hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā hale pule, pāpā ʻia mau ʻia ka mālama ʻana i nā lawelawe ma ka ʻōlelo Slavic, koe wale nō nā haʻiʻōlelo. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia ma muli o nā pāpā āpau, hoʻomau ʻo Metodius i ka hana malū i nā lawelawe akua ma Slavic.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, bapetizo ʻia ka ʻekepihopa i ke kamāliʻikāne Czech, no ia mea ʻaneʻane ʻeha ʻia ʻo ia i ka hoʻopaʻi koʻikoʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki iā Metode ke pale aku i ka hoʻopaʻi, akā no ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻae e alakaʻi i nā lawelawe ma ka ʻōlelo Slavic. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka wā ma mua o kona make ʻana, ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻopau i ka unuhi ʻana o ka Palapala Hemolele Kauoha Kahiko.
Ke hana nei i ka pīʻāpā
Ua iho ʻo Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius i ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he mau mea hana i ka pīʻāpā Slavic. Ua hana ʻia ia i ka huli o 862-863. He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo ʻia i kekahi mau makahiki ma mua, ua hoʻāʻo mua nā hoahānau e hoʻāʻo i ko lākou manaʻo.
I kēlā manawa i kā lākou moʻolelo moʻomeheu, noho lākou ma ka pali o Mount Little Olympus i kahi luakini kūloko. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Cyril ka mea kākau o ka pīʻāpā, akā ʻo ka mea pohihihi ia.
Hilinaʻi nā poʻe loea i ka pīʻāpā Glagolitik, i kuhikuhi ʻia e nā huapalapala 38 i loko. Inā mākou e kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka pīʻāpā Cyrillic, a laila ua hoʻokō ʻia e Kliment Ohridsky. Eia nō naʻe, i kēlā me kēia hihia, ua hoʻohana mau ka haumāna i kā Cyril hana - ʻo ia ka mea nāna e hoʻokaʻawale i nā leo o ka ʻōlelo, ʻo ia ka mea nui i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka palapala.
ʻO ke kumu o ka pīʻāpā Helene cryptography - ʻano like nā huapalapala, a ʻo ka hopena ua huikau ka huaʻōlelo me nā huapalapala hikina. Akā no ke koho ʻana i nā kani Slavic ʻano, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā leka Hebera, a ma waena o lākou - "sh".
Make
I loko o kahi huakaʻi i Roma, ua loʻohia ʻo Cyril e kahi maʻi nui, a he mea make ia nona. ʻAe ʻae ʻia ua make ʻo Cyril ma Pepeluali 14, 869 i ka makahiki 42. I kēia lā, hoʻolauleʻa nā Katolika i ka lā hoʻomanaʻo o nā haipule.
Ua ola ʻo Methodius i kona kaikaina ma 16 mau makahiki, ua make ma ʻApelila 4, 885 i ka makahiki 70. Ma hope o kona make ʻana, ma Moravia ua hoʻomaka hou lākou e pāpā i nā unuhi liturgical, a hoʻomaka ka poʻe ukali iā Cyril a me Methodius i ka hoʻomaʻau nui ʻia. I kēia lā mahalo ʻia nā mikionali Byzantine ma ke Komohana a me ka Hikina.
ʻO Photo o Cyril lāua ʻo Methodius
