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Baikonur - ke cosmodrome mua ma ka honua

Baikonur Cosmodrome - ka mua a me ka cosmodrome nui loa ma ka honua. Aia ia ma Kazakhstan kokoke i ke kauhale Tyuratam a uhi i kahi ʻāpana o 6717 km².

No Baikonur ia i ka makahiki 1957 i hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pōhaku R-7 me ka ukali Honua Honua 1, a ma hope o 4 mau makahiki, ua hoʻouna maikaʻi ʻia ke kāne mua i ka moʻolelo, ʻo Yuri Gagarin, mai kahi ākea I nā makahiki i hala aʻe, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā rockets N-1 lunar a me ka module Zarya mai kēia pūnaewele, kahi i hoʻomaka ai ke kūkulu ʻana o ka International Space Station (ISS).

Hana ʻia o kahi cosmodrome

I 1954, ua hoʻonohonoho ʻia kahi komisina kūikawā e koho i kahi pūnaewele kūpono no ke kūkulu ʻana i kahi kahua hoʻomaʻamaʻa pūʻali koa a me kahi ākea. I ka makahiki aʻe, ua ʻae ka Party Communist i kahi palapala hoʻoholo no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i kahi kahua hoʻāʻo no ka hoʻāʻo lele o ka 1st Soviet intercontinental ballistic missile "R-7" i ka wao nahele o Kazakhstan.

Ua hālāwai kēia wahi i nā pae hoʻohālikelike i koi ʻia no ka hoʻomohala ʻana i kahi papahana nui, e laʻa me ka heluna lehulehu o ka ʻāina, nā kumu wai inu a me ka loaʻa o nā loulou kaʻaahi.

ʻO ka mea hoʻolālā kaulana o nā ʻōkuhi pōhaku a me nā ʻōnaehana hakahaka ʻo Sergei Korolev i kākoʻo i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi cosmodrome i kēia wahi. Ua hoʻonāukiuki ʻo ia i kāna hoʻoholo e ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ke kokoke loa ka pūnaewele lawe aku i ka equator, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka wikiwiki o ko mākou honua.

Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka cosmodrome Baikonur ma Iune 2, 1955. Mahina ma hope o ka mahina, ua lilo ka wahi wao nahele i kahi ʻenehana loea nui me kahi kūkulu kūkulu.

E kūlike me kēia, kūkulu hou ʻia kahi kūlanakauhale no nā mea hoʻāʻo ma kahi kokoke o ka pūnaewele. ʻO ka hopena, ua loaʻa ka landfill a me ke kauhale i ka inoa kapakapa "Zarya".

Moʻolelo neʻe

ʻO ka hoʻolana mua mai Baikonur i hana ʻia ma Mei 15, 1957, akā ua pau i ka holo pono ʻole ma muli o ka pahū o kekahi o nā poloka pōhaku. Ma hope o kahi o 3 mau mahina, ua hoʻokele maikaʻi nā ʻepekema i ka roketa R-7, nāna i hāʻawi i nā pōkā maʻamau i kahi i kuhikuhi ʻia.

I ka makahiki like, ma ʻOkakopa 4, ua hoʻokumu kūleʻa ʻia ka satelite honua PS-1. ʻO kēia hanana i hōʻailona i ka hoʻomaka o ke au makahiki. Aia ʻo "PS-1" i ka pōʻaiapuni no 3 mau mahina, ke hoʻokele nei i ka pōʻaiapuni i ko mākou honua 1440 mau manawa! He pīhoihoi ka hana ʻana o kāna mau mea hoʻolele lekiō no 2 mau pule ma hope o ka hoʻomaka.

4 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua mālama ʻia kekahi hanana hanana hou i pīhoihoi i ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ma ʻApelila 12, 1961, ua hoʻokuʻu maikaʻi ʻia ka mokulele Vostok mai ka cosmodrome, me Yuri Gagarin ma luna o ka moku.

ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka manawa i kapa mua ʻia ka papa hoʻomaʻamaʻa pūʻali koa huna-luna ʻo Baikonur, ʻo ia hoʻi "ke awāwa waiwai" ma Kazakh.

Ma Iune 16, 1963, ua kipa ka wahine mua i ka mōʻaukala, ʻo Valentina Tereshkova i ka lewa. Ma hope o kēlā, ua hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ka inoa ʻo Hero o ka Soviet Union. Ma hope, ma ka cosmodrome Baikonur, ua hana ʻia he mau kaukani hou aʻe o nā roketa like ʻole.

I ka manawa like, ua hoʻomau ʻia nā papahana no ka hoʻolana ʻana i ka mokulele manned, nā kikowaena interplanetary, a pēlā aku. I Mei 1987, ua hoʻokuʻu maikaʻi ʻia ke kaʻa hoʻoiho Energia mai Baikonur. Hoʻokahi makahiki a me ka hapa ma hope mai, me ke kōkua o Energia, ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka mua a me ka hope loa o ka mokulele mokulele mokulele i hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Buran.

Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o nā kipi ʻelua a puni ka Honua "Buran" i pae maikaʻi aku i ka cosmodrome. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo ia ka pae ʻana i wahi i kahi mode automatis a me ka ʻole o kahi limahana.

I ka manawa 1971-1991. Ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā wahi kikowaena 7 Salyut mai ka cosmodrome Baikonur. Mai ka makahiki 1986 a i ka makahiki 2001, ua hoʻouna ʻia i nā lewa nā modula o ka hale kaulana Mir a kaulana a me ka ISS, e hana nei i kēia mau lā.

Hoʻolimalima a me ka hana o ka cosmodrome e Lūkia

Ma hope o ka hiolo ʻana o ka USSR ma 1991, hele mai ʻo Baikonur ma lalo o ka hoʻomalu a Kazakhstan. I ka makahiki 1994, ua hoʻolimalima ʻia ka cosmodrome iā Lūkia, a ua like ia me $ 115 miliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

I ka makahiki 1997, ua hoʻololi iki ʻia nā wahi cosmodrome mai ka RF Ministry of Defense i ka hoʻokele o Roscosmos i hoʻomaka, a ma hope i nā ʻoihana civila, ʻo ke kī o ia mau mea:

  • ʻO ka lālā o FSUE TSENKI;
  • RSC Energia;
  • ʻO GKNTSP iā lākou. M. V. Khrunicheva;
  • TsSKB-Holomua.

I kēia manawa ʻo Baikonur he 9 mau kikowaena hoʻolauna no ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā rockets lawe, me nā mea hoʻoheheʻe he nui a me nā kikowaena hoʻopihapiha. Wahi a ka ʻaelike, ua hoʻolimalima ʻo Baikonur i Lūkia a hiki i ka makahiki 2050.

Aia nā ʻenehana o ka cosmodrome i 2 mau kahua mokulele, 470 km o nā laina kaʻaahi, ma luna o 1200 km o nā ala, ʻoi aku ma mua o 6600 km o nā laina hoʻoili uila a ma kahi o 2780 km o nā laina kamaʻilio. ʻO ka nui o nā limahana ma Baikonur ma luna o 10,000.

Baikonur i kēia lā

Ke hoʻomaka nei ka hana e hana i kahi complex-rocket complex "Baiterek" i hui pū ʻia me Kazakhstan. E hoʻomaka paha nā hoʻāʻo ma 2023, akā ʻaʻole paha kēia e kū ma muli o ka maʻi maʻi coronavirus.

I ka wā o ka cosmodrome, a hiki i ka 5000 o nā lele like ʻole i lawe ʻia mai kona kahua hōʻike. Ma loko o ka mōʻaukala, ma kahi o 150 mau astronauts mai nā ʻāina like ʻole i hele aku i kahi ākea mai aneʻi. I ka manawa 1992-2019. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia he 530 o nā rockets lawe.

A hiki i ka 2016, ua mālama ʻo Baikonur i ke alakaʻi o ka honua i ka helu o nā hoʻouka. Eia nō naʻe, mai ka 2016, ua lawe ʻia ka wahi mua o kēia hōʻailona e ka mokulele mokulele ʻAmelika ʻo Cape Canaveral. He pīhoihoi ia i ka huina o ka cosmodrome Baikonur a me ke kūlanakauhale i lilo ai ka waihona kālā mokuʻāina Lūkia ma mua o 10 biliona rubles i ka makahiki.

Aia kahi neʻe o nā mea hoʻoulu "Antiheptil" ma Kazakhstan, ka mea e hōʻino nei i nā hana a Baikonur. Hōʻike ākea kāna mau mea i ka cosmodrome ke kumu o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa kūlohelohe i ka ʻāina mai nā ʻōpala weliweli o ka kaʻa hoʻōla "Proton" kaumaha loa. Ma kēia mea, hoʻonohonoho pinepine ʻia nā hana kūʻē ma aneʻi.

ʻO Photo o ka Baikonur cosmodrome

E nānā i ka wikiō: Kazakhstan: Soyuz MS-10 mounted on launch pad at Baikonur cosmodrome (Mei 2025).

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