Aia nā wahi ma ka honua honua weliweli loa no ke ola e hoʻokokoke aku. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau wahi ʻo Lake Nyos ma Cameroon (kekahi manawa ʻike ʻia ka inoa ʻo Nyos). ʻAʻole ia e kahe i nā wahi a puni, ʻaʻohe ona ʻāwīwī a i ʻole nā awawewe, ʻaʻole e make nā kānaka i loko ona, ʻaʻohe iʻa nui a holoholona paha i ʻike ʻole ʻia i hui ʻia ma aneʻi. He aha ka pilikia? No ke aha kēia waihona i loaʻa ai ke poʻo o ka loko weliweli loa?
Ka wehewehe o Lake Nyos
Wahi a nā ʻano kūwaho, ʻaʻohe hanana weliweli e weliweli ana. He ʻōpio ʻo Lake Nyos, ma kahi o ʻehā mau haneli mau makahiki. Ua ʻike ʻia ka wā i hoʻopiha ʻia ai ka maar, kahi lua pele pele pālahalaha, me ka wai, ma kahi kiʻekiʻe o 1090 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai. Liʻiliʻi ka loko, ua emi iki ka ʻilikai ma mua o 1.6 km2, ka awelika nui he 1.4x0.9 km. Kuhi ʻia ka nui nui ʻole e ka hohonu hohonu o ka waihona wai - a i 209 m. Ma ke ala, ma ka puʻu luaipele mauna mauna hoʻokahi, akā ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, aia kekahi loko ʻino ʻo Manun, nona ka hohonu o 95 m.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu loa, ua mōakāka ka wai i nā loko, he aniani uliuli nani kona. ʻO ka ʻāina ma nā awāwa mauna kiʻekiʻe a ma nā puʻu ʻōmaʻomaʻo momona nui ia, kahi i hoʻohihi i ka poʻe e ulu i nā huahana mahiʻai a hānai holoholona.
I ke kuahiwi, kahi e kū ai nā loko ʻelua, ke hana nei nō nā hana luaipele. ʻO Carbon dioxide, aia ma lalo o ka plug magma, nānā i kahi ala i waho, loaʻa nā māwae i nā sediment o lalo o nā loko, ma o lākou e komo ai i ka wai a laila hoʻoheheʻe i ka lewa me ka ʻole o kahi ʻino kūpono. Ua hoʻomau kēia a hiki i ka 80 o ke kenekulia XX.
Ka pilikia limnological o ka loko
ʻO ia kahi ʻōlelo hiki ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia no nā mea he nui, kapa ʻia ka ʻepekema i kahi hanana kahi e lawe ʻia ai kahi nui o ke kinoea mai kahi wai hāmama, kahi e alakaʻi ai i nā pohō nui i waena o nā kānaka a me nā holoholona. Loaʻa kēia ma muli o ke kahe o ke kinoea mai nā papa hohonu o ka honua ma lalo o ka lalo o ka loko. No kahi pōpilikia limnological e pono ai, kahi hui o nā hanana he pono.
- Ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana o ka "trigger". ʻO ka impetus no ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kahi hanana weliweli hiki ke lilo i ka lua pele lua pele o ka wai, ke komo ʻana o ka pele i loko o ka wai, nā hāʻule ʻana o ka wai ma loko o ka loko, nā ʻōlaʻi, ka makani ikaika, ka ua a me nā hanana ʻē aʻe.
- Ke kū nei o kahi nui o ke kalapona kalapona i ka nui o ka wai a i ʻole kāna hoʻokuʻu ʻoi loa mai lalo o nā sediment o lalo.
Paipai mākou iā ʻoe e nānā ma Lake Baikal.
Ua hana ʻia ma ʻAukake 21, 1986, ua hana ka "mea hoʻoulu" like. He aha ka mea i hoʻoikaika ai nona ʻaʻole i ʻike maopopo ʻia. ʻAʻole i loaʻa kahi o nā pele, nā ōlaʻi a i ʻole nā hāʻule kahakai i ʻike ʻia, a ʻaʻohe hōʻike o ka makani ikaika a i ʻole ka ua i loaʻa. Aia paha kahi pilina me ka hapa haʻahaʻa o ka ua i ka wahi mai ka makahiki 1983, a ʻo ia ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe o ke kinoea i loko o ka wai loko.
E like me ia, i kēlā lā, puka nui mai kahi kinoea i loko o ke kolamu wai i kahi punawai kiʻekiʻe, pāhola ʻia e like me ke ao ma nā wahi a puni. Hoʻomaka ka nui o ke kinoea i loko o ke ao lele ākea e hoʻomaka i ka honua a ʻokiʻoki i nā ola āpau. Ma ka ʻāina a 27 km mai ka loko i kēlā lā, ʻoi aku ma mua o 1,700 poʻe a me nā holoholona a pau i ʻōlelo i ko lākou ola. Ua lilo ka wai o ka loko i lepo a lepo.
Ma hope o kēia hanana nui nui, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hanana make ʻole ma Lake Manun, i hana ʻia ma ʻAukake 15, 1984 ma lalo o nā ʻano like. A laila ua make nā ola o 37.
Nā hana pale
Ma hope o kēia mau hanana ma Lake Nyos ma Cameroon, ua ʻike ka mana i ka pono e kiaʻi mau i ka mokuʻāina a me ka hana lua pele ma ia wahi i ʻole e hana hou ʻo 1986 iā ia iho. Mai nā ala he nui e pale aku ai i kēlā mau phenomena (hāpai a hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i ka pae wai i ka loko, e hoʻoikaika ana i nā panakō a i ʻole nā sediment o lalo, degassing) i ke ʻano o nā loko Nios a me Manun, ua koho ʻia ka degassing. Hoʻohana ʻia ia mai 2001 a 2003, i kēlā me kēia. Ke hoʻi lohi nei nā poʻe i hoʻoneʻe ʻia i ko lākou mau home.
