Ua ʻike ʻia nā maʻi ma ka Honua ma mua o nā kānaka a e noho mau ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa inā nalo ke kanaka. ʻIke mākou e pili ana i ko lākou ola (inā ʻaʻole ia kā mākou hana e noiʻi i nā mea ʻino) ke hele a maʻi. A ma aneʻi ua hoʻololi ʻia kēia mea liʻiliʻi, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia me kahi microscope maʻamau, hiki ke weliweli loa. Hoʻokumu nā virus i ka nui o nā maʻi mai ka maʻi influenza a me nā maʻi adenovirus i ka maʻi SIDA, ka maʻi hepatitis a me ka hemorrhagic. A inā nā lunamakaʻāinana o nā lālā biology ʻē aʻe i kā lākou hana i kēlā me kēia lā e aʻo maʻalahi i kā lākou "ward", a laila ʻo nā virologists a me nā microbiologists ka mea mua o ka paio no nā ola kanaka. He aha nā virus a no ke aha lākou e weliweli loa ai?
1. Wahi a kekahi o ke kuhiakau, ua hoʻomaka ke ola cellular ma ka Honua ma hope o ke aʻa ʻana o ka maʻi i loko o nā bacteria, e hoʻokumu ana i kahi nucleus pūnaewele. I kēlā me kēia hihia, he mea ola kahiko loa nā virus.
2. Maʻalahi loa nā virus e huikau me nā bacteria. I ke kumu, i ka pae o ka home, ʻaʻole nui ka ʻokoʻa. Kūleʻa mākou i kēlā a me nā mea ʻē aʻe ke maʻi mākou. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia nā virus a me nā bacteria i ka maka ʻōlohelohe. Akā ʻepekema, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā virus a me nā bacteria he nui loa. ʻO ke koʻohune he meaola kūʻokoʻa, ʻoiai he maʻa mau ia o kahi pūnaewele. ʻAʻole hiki ka maʻi i ke kolamu - he mau mole wale nō i loko o ka pūpū. Hoʻokumu ka bacteria i ka ʻaoʻao ʻino, i ke kaʻina o ke ola ʻana, a no nā mea ʻino, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana i kahi meaola i hōʻeha ʻia ke ala hoʻokahi o ke ola a me ka hana hou.
3. Ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa nei nā kānaka ʻepekema inā hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia nā virus me nā meaola ola piha. Ma mua o ke komo ʻana i nā keena ola, ua make lākou e like me nā pōhaku. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hoʻoilina lākou. ʻO nā poʻo inoa o nā puke ʻepekema kaulana e pili ana i nā mea ʻino he ʻano: "Nā noʻonoʻo a me nā hoʻopaʻapaʻa e pili ana i nā virus" a i ʻole "He hoa aloha paha ka ʻenemi a ʻenemi paha?"
4. Ua ʻike ʻia nā virus ma ke ala like me ka honua Pluto: ma ka wēlau o kahi hulu. ʻO ka ʻepekema Lūkini ʻo Dmitry Ivanovsky, e noiʻi ana i nā maʻi paka, ua hoʻāʻo e kānana i nā koʻohune pathogenic, akā ua kūleʻa ʻo ia. I loko o kahi ninaninau microscopic, ʻike ka ʻepekema i nā aniani ʻaʻole maopopo he bacteria huehue (he hōʻiliʻili lākou o nā mea ʻino, a ua kapa ʻia lākou ma hope o ʻIvovsky). Ua make nā konohiki pathogenic ke wela. Ua hoʻoholo ʻo ʻIvanovsky i kahi hopena kūpono: hoʻokumu ʻia ka maʻi e kahi meaola ola, ʻike ʻole ʻia i kahi microscope māmā maʻamau. A ua hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā aniani ma 1935 wale nō. Ua loaʻa iā ʻAmelika Wendell Stanley ka Nobel Prize no lākou ma 1946.
5. Ko Stanley hoa hana, ʻAmelika ʻAmelika Francis, i kali hou no ka Nobel Prize. Ua ʻike ʻo Rose i ke ʻano viral o ka maʻi ʻaʻai ma 1911, a ua loaʻa ka makana i ka makahiki 1966 wale nō, a ʻo ia pū me Charles Huggins, ka mea pili ʻole i kāna hana.
6. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia ka huaʻōlelo "virus" (Lākina "lāʻau make") i ka holo ʻepekema i ka 18 kenekulia. ʻOiai ʻo ia, ua kuhi ʻepekema ka poʻe ʻepekema aia he mau meaola liʻiliʻi, ʻo ka hana e like ai me ka hana a nā mea make. ʻO ka Dutchman Martin Bijerink, ke hana nei i nā hoʻokolohua e like me nā mea o ʻIvovsky, i kapa ʻia he "virus" nā ʻākena e ʻike ʻia nei nā maʻi.
7. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā virus ma hope o ke ʻano o nā microscope electron i ka waena o ke kenekulia 20. Hoʻomaka ka ulu ʻana o ka Virology. Ua ʻike ʻia nā virus e nā tausani. Ua wehewehe ʻia ka hanana o ka virus a me ke kumu o kāna hana hou ʻana. I kēia lā, ua ʻike ʻia ma luna o nā virus he 6,000. ʻO ka hapa nui paha, he ʻāpana liʻiliʻi loa kēia o lākou - kau nui nā hana a ka ʻepekema i nā maʻi pathogenic o kānaka a me nā holoholona laka, a aia nā mea hoʻomaʻi ma nā wahi āpau.
8. Kekahi mea hoʻomaʻi i loko o ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau ʻāpana: RNA a i ʻole nā mole DNA, a hoʻokahi a ʻelua paha nā enope.
9. Hoʻokaʻawale nā microbiologists i nā maʻi i ʻehā mau ʻano i ke kinona, akā ma waho wale nō kēia mahele - ʻae ʻia ʻoe e hoʻokaʻawale i nā maʻi ma ke ʻano he spiral, oblong, a me nā maʻi he RNA (ka hapa nui) a me DNA. I ka hōʻuluʻulu, ʻokoʻa ʻehiku mau ʻano o nā mea ʻino.
10. Ma kahi o 40% o ka DNA kanaka hiki ke lilo i mau virus i loaʻa i nā kānaka i nā hanauna he nui. I loko o nā hunaola o ke kino o ke kanaka kekahi hana ʻana, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokūpaʻa ʻia kāna mau hana. Hiki iā lākou ke hoʻopili ʻia i nā virus.
11. Noho nā Virus a hoʻonui lehulehu wale i nā hunaola ola. ʻO nā hoʻāʻo e hoʻolauna iā lākou e like me ka bacteria ma nā broths nutrient i kūleʻa. A ʻoluʻolu loa nā virus e pili ana i nā pūnaewele ola - ʻoiai i loko o ka meaola like, hiki iā lākou ke noho paʻa i kekahi mau hunaola.
12. Komo nā virus i ke kikowaena ma ka luku ʻana i kona paia, a i ʻole ke kiki ʻana iā RNA ma o ka membrane, a i ʻole ka ʻae ʻana i ka pūnaewele e omo iā ia iho. A laila hoʻomaka ka hana o ke kope ʻana iā RNA a hoʻomaka ka virus e hoʻonui. Lawe ʻia kekahi mau mea ʻino, me HIV, mai loko mai o ka pūnaewele i loaʻa ʻole me ka hōʻino ʻana iā ia.
13. ʻAneʻane pau nā maʻi viral o nā kānaka i lawe ʻia e nā droplets airborne. ʻO ka mea ʻokoʻa ʻo HIV, hepatitis a me herpes.
14. Hiki nō ke kōkua pono i nā virus. I ka wā i lilo ai ka lāpaki i kahi pōpilikia makaʻu e hoʻoweliweli ana i nā mahiʻai āpau ma Australia, he maʻi maʻi kūikawā ia i kōkua i ka pale ʻana i ka maʻi eared. Lawe ʻia ka maʻi maʻi i nā wahi kahi e ʻākoakoa ai nā makika - lilo ia i mea pōʻino ʻole no lākou, a ua komo lākou i loko o nā lāpaki i ka maʻi.
15. Ma ka ʻāina ʻAmelika, me ke kōkua o nā mea hoʻomaʻi i hoʻohua nui ʻia, ke kūleʻa nei lākou i nā mea kanu mea kanu. ʻO nā maʻi ʻinoʻino ʻole i nā kānaka, nā mea kanu a me nā holoholona e pīpī ʻia ma ka lima a mai nā mokulele hoʻi.
16. ʻO ka inoa o ka lāʻau antiviral kaulana Interferon mai ka huaʻōlelo "interrupt". ʻO kēia ka inoa o ka mana ʻelua o nā virus i loko o ke keʻena like. Ua hoʻololi ʻia ʻaʻole ʻelua mau virus i hoʻokahi pūnaewele i mea maikaʻi ʻole. Hiki i nā virus ke kāohi i kekahi i kekahi. A ʻo interferon kahi protein i hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale i kahi virus "maikaʻi" mai kahi mea ʻino ʻole a hana wale ma luna.
17. I ka makahiki 2002, ua loaʻa ka virus ma mua. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua hoʻopau hou ʻia a ʻoi aku ma mua o ka 2000 mau virus maoli a hiki i nā ʻepekema ke hana hou iā lākou i loko o ke keʻena hoʻokolohua. Wehe kēia i nā manawa ākea āpau no ka hana ʻana i nā lāʻau hou a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano hana hou o ka mālama ʻana, a no ka hana ʻana i nā meaola lāʻau olaola maikaʻi loa. ʻO kahi ʻōpala o nā wahi maʻamau a, e like me ka mea i hoʻolaha ʻia, ua hiki i ka puʻupuʻu lōʻihi lōʻihi i ka honua o kēia au ke pepehi i nā miliona o ka poʻe ma muli o ka pale ʻole o ka pale.
18. Inā mākou e loiloi i ka make ʻana mai nā maʻi viral i kahi kuanaʻike kuʻuna, ka wehewehe medieval o nā maʻi viral i ka maopopo ʻana o ka ʻino a ke Akua. ʻO ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, ahulau, a me ka typhus ka hapalua o ka heluna kanaka o ʻEulopa, e luku ana i nā kūlanakauhale holoʻokoʻa. ʻAʻole i luku ʻia nā ʻĀina ʻAmelika e nā pūʻali koa o ka pūʻali koa maʻamau a i ʻole nā koa paniolo ikaika me Colts i ko lākou lima. Ua make nā hapakolu ʻelua o nā Indians i ka maʻi puʻupuʻu, a ua inoculated nā kānaka o ʻEulopa e hoʻopilikia i nā waiwai i kūʻai ʻia aku i ka Redskins. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 20, mai ka 3 a i ka 5% o ko ke ao nei i make i ka maʻi flu. Ke hōʻike nei ka maʻi maʻi ʻo AIDS, ʻoiai nā hana āpau a nā kauka, i mua o ko mākou mau maka.
19. ʻO Filoviruses ka mea weliweli loa i kēia lā. Ua loaʻa kēia hui o nā mea hoʻomaʻemaʻe i nā ʻāina o ka equatorial a me ka hema o ʻApelika ma hope o ka hopena o nā maʻi ahulau hemorrhagic - nā maʻi kahi e make koke ai ke kanaka a kahe paha ke koko. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia nā laha mua i nā makahiki 1970. ʻO ka helu maʻamau o ka make no nā fiva hemorrhagic he 50%.
20. ʻO Virirus kahi kumuhana momona no nā mea kākau a me nā mea hana kiʻiʻoniʻoni. ʻO ka pā o kahi e laha ai kahi maʻi viral ʻike ʻole e luku i kahi lehulehu o nā kānaka i pāʻani ʻia e Stephen King a me Michael Crichton, Kir Bulychev a me Jack London, Dan Brown a me Richard Matheson. Nui nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni a me nā hōʻike kīwī ma ke kumuhana like.
