ʻO ka mea akeakamai a me ka mea aʻo Voltaire (1694 - 1778) ʻaʻole ia he luminary i kekahi o nā lālā o ka ʻepekema a me nā mea noʻeau āna i hana ai. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokau i kāna mau manaʻo akeakamai a i ʻole nā manaʻo. Mamao loa ʻo Voltaire mai ka ʻike ʻana i ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻohālikelike kāna hana mele, hana keaka a me prose me Boileau a i ʻole Corneille. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i Voltaire ke hōʻike i kona mau manaʻo a i ʻole nā mea ʻē aʻe i kahi ʻōlelo ola, ka paʻa a me ke kuhikuhi ʻana, ka launa a me ka hiki ke hoʻolilo iā ia i mea hoʻolaha nui i ka mōʻaukala o ka akeakamai a me ka moʻomeheu.
I ka manawa like, ʻaʻole pili wale ʻo Voltaire me nā pilikia nui o ka akeakamai, ʻepekema a me ka moʻomeheu. Ua komo pū ka mea kākau, i kona manaʻo, i nā hoʻokolokolo kūpono ʻole, e kōkua ana i ka poʻe i hoʻopiʻi ʻia ma ke kālā a me ke kānāwai. Ma kāna waiwai ma Switzerland, ua hāʻawi ʻo ia i hale i nā ʻmigrés Farani he nui. ʻO ka mea hope loa, ua kākoʻo ʻo Voltaire i nā mea hana keaka ʻōpio loea a me nā mea kākau.
1. No ka manawa mua e ʻike ʻia ka pseudonym "Voltaire" ma ka pōʻino "Oedipus" i hoʻokumu ʻia a paʻi ʻia i ka makahiki 1718. ʻO François-Marie Arouet ka inoa maoli o ka mea kākau.
2. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Voltaire i kona makuakāne, ʻo Abbot Chatea malalakaf, i ka hōʻino ʻana i ka haipule ma mua o ka postulate. ʻO ke kaikuaʻana o ka mea noʻonoʻo manuahi he mea manaʻoʻiʻo maoli, nona ka Voltaire i haku ai i nā epigrams ma luna ona. I ka piha ʻana o kona makahiki he ʻehiku, ua hoʻopā ʻo Voltaire i nā malihini kipa i nā hale kūpuna aristocratic ma ka haʻi ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao i nā paukū kūʻē
3. Ma waena o ko Voltaire hoʻoilina poetic kahi hoʻopiʻi mai kahi koa kīnā me ke noi e hāʻawi iā ia i kahi penihana. Ua noi aku ke koa i ka haumāna ʻōpio o ke koleke ʻo Iesū e kākau i kahi palapala hoʻopiʻi, akā aneane loaʻa iā ia kahi mele. Eia naʻe, ua huki ʻo ia i ka nānā iā ia iho a ua hāʻawi ʻia ka mea maʻi i ka penihana.
4. ʻO Voltaire aʻo i loko o kahi koleke Jesuit e hōʻole i nā moʻolelo hoʻoweliweli e pili ana i ka lima Jesuit āpau loa. Ua ʻike maopopo ʻia ka haumāna manaʻo manuahi i nā kumu, akā ʻaʻole lākou i hana i kekahi hana kaohi e kūʻē iā Voltaire.
5. Ua kipi ʻia ʻo Voltaire ma 1716 no nā comic (mai kona wahi o ka manaʻo) nā kope e pili ana i ka mōʻī ʻo Louis XIV i make a me ke kuhina nāna i lawe ka mana. Ua lawe pio ʻia ka mea haku mele i ka hale kākela Sully ma kahi kokoke i Palisa, kahi āna i leʻaleʻa ai me ka poʻe manaʻo like a me ka poʻe manaʻo like.
Kakela Sully. Kahi kūpono e loulou ai
6. ʻO ka "kau" mua ma ka Bastille Voltaire, e like me ke ʻano o ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni Soviet kaulana i ʻōlelo ai, "hāpai iā ia iho mai ka papahele." Ua kākau ʻo ia i nā pālua hou, a ua ʻoluʻolu ʻo ia i hoʻopiʻi i ka Regent o Orleans no ka moekolohe a me ka lāʻau make. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea kākau o nā paukū, akā ʻo Voltaire, i kahi kamaʻilio pilikino ʻana, ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa me ka huhū i kahi mākaʻi i haʻi ʻole ʻia ua kākau ʻo ia i nā paukū. Ua wānana ʻia ka hopena - 11 mau mahina ma ka hale paʻahao.
7. I kēia mau makahiki he 30, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Voltaire ka mea kākau Farani nui o ko mākou manawa. ʻAʻole i hoʻokū kēia i ka cavalier de Rogan mai ke kauoha ʻana i nā kauā e hahau pono i ka mea kākau ma ka lanai o ka hale kiʻekiʻe o ka hui kaiaulu. Ua holo wikiwiki ʻo Voltaire no ke kōkua i ka poʻe āna i manaʻo ai he mau hoaaloha, akā ua ʻakaʻaka wale nā duke a me nā helu i ka makaʻāinana i kuʻi ʻia - ʻo nā hoʻopaʻi me ke kōkua o nā kauā he mea maʻamau ia i waena o nā aliʻi. ʻAʻohe mea i manaʻoʻiʻo i ka wiwo ʻole o Voltaire, akā naʻe ua ʻaʻa ʻo ia i ka lawehala i kahi duel. Ua ʻae ʻo De Rogan i ka hoʻopiʻi, akā hoʻopiʻi koke i kona mau ʻohana, a ua hele hou ʻo Voltaire i ka Bastille. Ua hoʻokuʻu lākou iā ia wale nō me ke kūlana o ka haʻalele ʻana iā Palani.
ʻO Bastille. I kēlā mau makahiki, ʻaʻole makaʻu nā mea kākau i ka hoʻohewa, akā ʻo kēia mau paia
8. ʻO kā Voltaire puke "English Letters" i noʻonoʻo ʻia e ka Palekana ʻo Paris. ʻO ka Parliamentarians, no ka mea kūʻē ka puke i nā loina maikaʻi a me ka hoʻomana, hoʻopaʻi ʻia ia e puhi ʻia, a ʻo ka mea kākau a me ka mea hoʻopuka i ka Bastille. Ua paʻakikī e kiʻi i kahi hoʻolaha hoʻolaha maikaʻi loa i kēlā mau lā - ua paʻi koke ʻia kahi hoʻolaha hou ma Holland, a piʻi nui ka puke i ke kumukūʻai - ʻaʻole i manaʻo ka poʻe heluhelu i ka alualu ʻana iā ia. ʻĀ, peʻe ʻo Voltaire mai ka Bastille i waho.
9. Pono e noʻonoʻo ka hana kūleʻa loa a Voltaire i ke keaka keaka "Ke Kamāliʻiwahine o Navarre". ʻAʻole ʻo ia i loko o ka papa inoa o nā hana nui a ka mea kākau, akā ua loaʻa kahi uku maikaʻi loa nona: 20,000 francs i ka manawa, kahi ma ke ʻano he luna o ka ʻaha aliʻi a me ke koho balota i ka French Academy.
10. ʻO Voltaire kahi mea kālā kālā kūleʻa loa. I Palani i kēlā mau makahiki, ua hoʻokumu ʻia nā hui hui like a me nā hui a haki i nā manawa he nui i ka lā. I ka makahiki 1720, ua panakalupa ʻia ka mokuʻāina ʻo Mokuʻāina. A ʻo ka mea kākau i loko o kēia wai naʻauao e mālama i ka hoʻomaka o kāna waiwai nui.
11. ʻO ka mōʻaukala o ka Marquis de Saint-Lambert, he kākāʻōlelo pū kekahi, e kamaʻilio e pili ana i nā loina o kēlā au i ka nui a me Voltaire nō hoʻi. No 10 mau makahiki ua aloha ʻo Voltaire iā Emilie Du Chatelet, a ma nā wahi āpau ʻo Emily, Voltaire a me kāna kāne e noho pū nei, ʻaʻole e hūnā i kā lāua pili. I hoʻokahi lā maikaʻi ua hoʻololi ʻo Saint-Lambert iā Voltaire i ka puʻuwai o Emily, he 10 ona mau makahiki ma mua ona. Ua pono ka mea mea kākau e kamaʻilio me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka kumakaia, a me ka ʻoiaʻiʻo e hoʻomau ka noho ʻana o kēlā me kēia kanaka. Ma hope mai, ua hoʻopaʻi ʻia ʻo Voltaire - Saint-Lambert e like me ka lawe hou ʻana i kona haku wahine mai kekahi o nā hoa paio palapala nui a Voltaire, ʻo Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
ʻO Emilie du Chatelet
12. ʻO kā Voltaire home mua ponoʻī ma hope o 60 mau makahiki wale nō. Ma hope o ka neʻe ʻana i Switzerland, ua kūʻai mua ʻo ia i ka waiwai Delis, a laila ka waiwai ʻo Fernet. ʻAʻole ia e pili ana i ke kālā - he kanaka pono ka mea kākau. ʻO ke kūlana o Voltaire, me kāna freethinking i nā mōʻī āpau, mai kēlā manawa a kēia manawa i lilo i mea weliweli loa. Kūpono ke kūʻai ʻia ʻana o ka waiwai.
13. I ka manawa o ke kūʻai ʻana, ʻewalu mau hale o ka waiwai ʻo Ferne. Ua hanu ʻo Voltaire i ke ola hou i loko ona me kāna kālā a me kāna mau hana. I ka hopena o kona ola, 1,200 poʻe i noho ma Fern, ka mea a ka mea kākau i kūkulu ai i hale a hāʻawi i kālā no ka hoʻokumu ʻana. ʻO ka hapa nui o nā kamaʻāina he poʻe hana kiaʻi. Ua kūʻai aku ka Emepela Lūkini Catherine, ka mea i launa me Voltaire, i mau haneli kiaʻi mai iā lākou.
Fernet. Kahi kahi hauʻoli ʻole ʻo Voltaire wale nō
14. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Voltaire i kāna hana polemical a propaganda ʻaʻole wale ma lalo o kona inoa ponoʻī a me nā inoa inoa. Hiki iā ia ke kau inoa maʻalahi i kahi puke liʻiliʻi me ka inoa o ka mea i make a me kahi kanaka kaulana e noho nei.
15. Ma mua o kona make ʻana ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻo Voltaire, no laila ua kanu wikiwiki a kāna hunaʻi ʻo Abbot Mignot i ke kino o kona ʻanakala i kāna ʻohana. ʻO ka pāpā e kanu i kahi atheist ma nā ʻāina hoʻāno i lohi loa ia. I ka makahiki 1791, ua hoʻoili ʻia nā koena o Voltaire i ka Parishe Pantheon. I ka wā o ka Hoʻihoʻi Ea, lawe ʻia ka pahu kupapaʻu o Voltaire i ka hale haʻahaʻa. I ka makahiki 1830 ua hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka pahu kupapaʻu i Pantheon. A i ka 1864, makemake nā ʻohana e hoʻihoʻi i ka puʻuwai o Voltaire, i mālama ʻia e lākou, i ka lāhui, ua lilo ka pahu kupapaʻu o Voltaire, e like me ka pahu kupapaʻu o Rousseau e kū ana ma kona ʻaoʻao, hakahaka. Wahi a nā lono maopopo ʻole, ua puhi ʻia ke koena o ka poʻe nui i 1814 me ka quicklime.
