ʻO ka uila kekahi o nā kia o ka nohona o kēia au. ʻO ke ola me ka ʻole o ka uila, he ʻoiaʻiʻo, hiki, no ka mea, maikaʻi wale nā kūpuna mamao loa me ka ʻole o ia. "E hoʻomālamalama wau i nā mea āpau me nā ʻāpana Edison a me Swann!" ʻUa aku ʻo Sir Henry Baskerville mai Arthur Conan Doyle's The Hound o nā Baskervilles i ka manawa i ʻike mua ai ʻo ia i ka hale aliʻi weliweli āna e hoʻoilina ai. Akā ua hala ka pā i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19.
Hāʻawi ka uila a me kāna holomua e pili ana i ka nohona kanaka me nā manawa kūpono ʻole ma mua. ʻAneʻane hiki ʻole ke papa inoa iā lākou, lehulehu a ākea hoʻi lākou. ʻO nā mea āpau a puni iā mākou e hana ʻia me ke kōkua o ka uila. He paʻakikī ke loaʻa i kahi mea pili ʻole iā ia. Nā meaola ola? Akā kekahi o lākou e hoʻonui i ka nui o ka uila iā lākou iho. A ua aʻo ka poʻe Kepanī e hoʻonui i ka hua o nā huaalulu ma ka hōʻike ʻana iā lākou i nā uila uila kiʻekiʻe. Ka lā? Mālamalama iā ia iho, akā ke hana ʻia nei kona ikehu i ka uila. Ma ke ʻano noʻonoʻo, i kekahi o nā hiʻohiʻona o ke ola, hiki iā ʻoe ke hana me ka uila ʻole, akā ʻo ka hopena ʻole e paʻakikī a hoʻonui i ke ola. No laila pono ʻoe e ʻike i ka uila a hiki ke hoʻohana.
1. ʻAʻole pololei loa ka wehewehe ʻana o ka uila ma ke ʻano he kahawai o nā uila. I nā uila electrolytes, no ka laʻana, ke kahe o nā iʻa hydrogen i kēia manawa. A i nā kukui uila a me nā uila uila, nā proton, me nā uila, e hana i kēia au, a i ka lakio i hoʻonohonoho pono ʻia.
2. ʻO Thales o Miletus ka ʻepekema mua e hoʻolohe i nā phenomena uila. Ua noʻonoʻo ka mea akeakamai Helene kahiko i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo he lāʻau amber, inā ʻānai ʻia i ka huluhulu, hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻumeʻume i nā lauoho, akā ʻaʻole ia i hele i waho o nā hiʻohiʻona. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "uila" na ka kauka Pelekane ʻo William Gilbert i hoʻohana i ka huaʻōlelo Helene "amber". ʻAʻole hoʻi i hele ʻo Gilbert ma mua o ka wehewehe ʻana i nā hanana o ka ʻumeʻume ʻana i nā lauoho, nā huna lepo a me nā ʻāpana pepa me kahi lāʻau ʻamela i hamo ʻia i ka huluhulu. He wā kaʻawale iki kā ke kauka ʻo Queen Elizabeth.
ʻO Thales o Miletus
William Gilbert
3. ʻO Stephen Grey ka ʻike mua ʻana i ka lawehala. ʻAʻole kēia Pelekane wale nō ka mea loea kilokilo a me ka physicist. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i kahi laʻana o kahi noi noi i ka ʻepekema. Inā palena kāna mau hoa iā lākou iho e wehewehe i ka hanana a, ma ke ʻano he maximum, paʻi ʻia kā lākou hana, a laila loaʻa koke ka loaʻa kālā iā Gray mai ka conductivity. Ua hōʻike ʻo ia i ka helu "keikikāne lele" i ka pā. Hoʻokele ke keikikāne ma luna o ke kahua pāʻani ma nā kaula silika, ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia kona kino me ka mea hana ʻenekini, a ʻumeʻume ʻia nā petalā gula hinuhinu i kona mau lima. ʻO ka pā i kahi kenekulia 17 kenekulia, a ua lilo i mea maʻalahi nā "honi uila" - lele nā huna ahi ma waena o nā lehelehe o nā kānaka ʻelua i hoʻopiʻi ʻia me kahi mea hana.
4. ʻO ka mea mua i ʻeha i ka hoʻouku uila o ka uila ka mea ʻepekema Kelemania ʻo Ewald Jürgen von Kleist. Ua kūkulu ʻo ia i kahi pila, a ma hope ua kapa ʻia ka ipu Jarden, a uku aku iā ia. ʻOiai e hoʻāʻo ana e hoʻokuʻu i ka kini, ua loaʻa iā von Kleist kahi haʻalulu uila weliweli loa a ua lilo ka ʻike.
5. ʻO ka ʻepekema mua i make i ke aʻo ʻana i ka uila ka hoa hana a me ka hoaaloha o Mikhail Lomonosov. ʻO Georg Richmann. Ua holo ʻo ia i ka uea mai ka pou hao i kau ʻia ma luna o ka hale i kona hale a nānā i ka uila i ka wā o ka hekili. ʻO kekahi o kēia mau aʻo ʻana ua pau me ke kaumaha. Me he mea lā, ua ikaika loa ka hekili - ua hele a piʻo kekahi uila ma waena o Richman a me ka uila uila, a make loa ka ʻepekema e kū kokoke ana. Ua komo pū ka mea kaulana ʻo Benjamin Franklin i loko o ia kūlana, akā ua kūleʻa ka maka o ka pila haneli haneli e ola.
Make o Georg Richmann
6. ʻO ka uila uila mua i hana ʻia e ka Italia Alessandro Volta. Ua hana ʻia kāna paila i nā kālā kālā a me nā kiniki zinc, a ua hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā pālua e ka wahī pulu. Ua hana ka Italia i kāna pākiko empirically - ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻomaopopo ʻia ke ʻano o ka uila. Akā, ua manaʻo nā ʻepekema ua maopopo iā lākou, akā manaʻo hewa lākou.
7. ʻO Hans-Christian Oersted ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o kahi mea alakaʻi ma lalo o ka hana o ke au i loko o ka magnet. Ua lawe hoʻohikilele mai ke akeakamai maoli o Suedena i ka uea i kahe ʻia ke au i ke panana a ʻike i ka hemahema o ka pua. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia hanana ma Oersted, akā ʻaʻole ia i ʻike i nā mea e hūnā ai iā ia iho. ʻImi maikaʻi ʻo André-Marie Ampere i ka electromagnetism. Ua loaʻa i ka Palani nā pōpō nui i ke ʻano o ka ʻike ākea a me kahi ʻāpana o kēia manawa i kapa ʻia ma hope ona.
8. Ua hana ʻia kahi moʻolelo like me ka hopena thermoelectric. ʻO Thomas Seebeck, ka mea i hana ma ke ʻano he keʻena hoʻokolohua ma kahi keʻena ma ke Kulanui o Berlin, ua ʻike ʻo ia inā ʻoe e wela i kahi mea alakaʻi i hana ʻia i ʻelua metala, e kahe ana kahi iʻa i loko o laila. Loaʻa, hōʻike, a poina. A ʻo Georg Ohm e hana wale nei i ke kānāwai, e kapa ʻia kona inoa ma hope ona, a hoʻohana i ka hana a Seebeck, a ʻike nā mea āpau i kona inoa, ʻokoʻa ka inoa o ka mea kōkua hale hana ʻo Berlin. ʻO Ohm, ma ke ala, ua kipaku ʻia ʻo ia mai kāna kūlana he kumu physics kula no nā hoʻokolohua - ua manaʻo ke kuhina e hoʻonohonoho i nā hoʻokolohua ma ke ʻano he kūpono ʻole i ka ʻepekema maoli. ʻO Philosophy i ka manawa ia ...
ʻO Georg Ohm
9. Akā kekahi mea kōkua ʻenehana hou, i kēia manawa ma Royal Institute ma Ladana, hoʻonāukiuki nui i nā polofesa. Ua hana ikaika ʻo Michael Faraday, 22, e hana i ka motika uila o kāna hoʻolālā. ʻO Humphrey Davy lāua ʻo William Wollaston, nā mea i kono iā Faraday ma ke ʻano he kōkua keʻena hoʻokolohua, ʻaʻole hiki iā lākou ke kū i ka impudence. Ua hoʻololi ʻo Faraday i kāna mau motika ma ke ʻano he kanaka pilikino.
Michael Faraday
10. ʻO ka makuakāne o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka uila no nā pono kūloko a me nā pono hana - Nikola Tesla. ʻO kēia ʻepekema eccentric a me ʻenekini nāna i hoʻomohala i nā loina o ka loaʻa ʻana o ke au e kū nei, kona lawe ʻana, hoʻololi a hoʻohana ʻana i nā hāme uila. Manaʻo kekahi poʻe ʻo ka pōʻino Tunguska ka hopena o ko Tesla ʻike i ka lawe koke ʻana o ka ikehu me ka ʻole o nā uea.
Nikola Tesla
11. I ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia iwakālua, ua hoʻokele ka Dutchman Heike Onnes i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka helium helium. No kēia, pono e hoʻomaʻalili i ke kinoea a i -267 ° C. Ke kūleʻa ka manaʻo, ʻaʻole hāʻawi ʻo Onnes i nā hoʻokolohua. Ua hoʻomaʻalili ʻo ia i ka mercury i ka mahana like a ʻike i ke kūpaʻa uila o ka wai paʻa paʻa i hāʻule i ka ʻole. ʻO kēia kahi i ʻike ʻia ai ka superconductivity.
Heike Onnes - Nobel Prize Laureate
12. ʻO ka mana o ka ʻanuʻu uila uila he 50 miliona kilowatts. Me he mea lā he haki o ka ikehu ka. No ke aha lākou e hoʻāʻo ʻole nei e hoʻohana iā ia i kekahi ʻano? Maʻalahi ka pane - pōkole loa ka uila. A inā ʻoe e unuhi i kēia mau miliona i loko o nā hola kilowatt, e hōʻike ana i ka ʻai o ka ikehu, lilo ia 1,400 mau kilowatt-hola wale nō e hoʻokuʻu ʻia.
13. Ua hāʻawi ka mea kanu mana pāʻoihana mua o ka honua i kēia au i ka makahiki 1882. Ma Kepakemapa 4, ua hana a hana ʻia e nā hui a Thomas Edison he mau haneli mau hale ma New York City. Ua lohi ʻo Lūkia ma hope no kahi manawa pōkole loa - i ka makahiki 1886, ua hoʻomaka ka hana o kahi mea kanu mana, aia pono i ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike Hoʻoilo. Ke hoʻonui mau nei kona mana, a ma hope o 7 mau makahiki ua hoʻokau ʻia nā kukui 30,000 e ia.
I loko o ka mea kanu mana mua
14. Hoʻonui nui ʻia ka kaulana o Edison ma ke ʻano he akamai i ka uila. He kanalua ʻo ia he luna akamai a ʻo ka mea nui loa ma R&D. He aha kāna hoʻolālā wale no nā mea hou, i hana maoli ʻia! Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka makemake e hana mau i kekahi mea e ka lā i kuhikuhi ʻia he ʻaoʻao maikaʻi ʻole hoʻi. Hoʻokahi wale nō "kaua o nā kahe" ma waena o Edison a me Westinghouse me Nikola Tesla ka mea kūʻai aku i ka uila (a ʻo wai ka mea i uku no ka PR ʻeleʻele a me nā kumu kūʻai e pili ana?) He haneli miliona o ka poʻe i kākoʻo ʻia e nā kālā gula. Akā ma ke ala, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻAmelika kahi noho uila - Ua hoʻokau ʻo Edison i ka hoʻokō ʻana i nā lawehala me ke au e kū nei i mea e hōʻike ai i kona pilikia.
15. I ka hapanui o nā ʻāina o ka honua, ʻo ka volta nominal o nā pūnaewele uila he 220 - 240 volts. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me kekahi mau ʻāina ʻē aʻe, hoʻolako ʻia nā mea kūʻai me 120 volts. I Iapana, ʻo ka volta o ke kumu nui ʻo 100 volts. ʻO ke hoʻololi ʻana mai kekahi anakahi uila i kekahi mea pipiʻi loa. Ma mua o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic, aia ka uila o 127 volts ma ka USSR, a laila hoʻomaka ka hoʻololi lohi i 220 volts - me ia, ua emi nā nalowale i nā pūnaewele ma o 4 mau manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻololi ʻia kekahi mau mea kūʻai aku i kahi uila hou i ka hopena o 1980.
16. Ua hele ʻo Iapana i kāna ala ponoʻī i ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ke alapine o ke au i ka pūnaewele uila. Me ka ʻokoʻa o hoʻokahi makahiki no nā ʻāpana like ʻole o ka ʻāina, ua kūʻai ʻia nā pono hana no 50 a 60 hertz mai nā mea hoʻolako haole. Ua hoʻi kēia i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 19, a aia nō ʻelua mau kūlana pinepine i ka ʻāina. Eia nō naʻe, ke nānā nei iā Iapana, paʻakikī e ʻōlelo i kēia hoʻokae ʻole i nā alapine i kekahi manawa i hoʻohuli i ka ulu ʻana o ka ʻāina.
17. ʻO ka loli o nā volta i nā ʻāina ʻē aʻe i alakaʻi i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he 13 mau ʻano plugs a me nā kumu i ka honua. I ka hopena, uku ʻia kēia cacophony āpau e ka mea kūʻai aku e kūʻai i nā mea hoʻopili, lawe mai i nā pūnaewele like ʻole i nā hale a, ʻo ka mea nui, uku no nā nalo i nā kaula a me nā transformer. Ma ka Pūnaewele, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻike i nā hoʻopiʻi he nui mai nā Lūkini i neʻe i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ʻaʻohe mīkini holoi i nā hale keʻena i nā keʻena - ʻo lākou, ma ka hapanui, aia i kahi hale holoi kaʻana like ma kekahi wahi o ka hale haʻahaʻa. ʻO ke kumu no ka pono o nā mīkini holoi i kahi laina kaʻawale, a he mea kumukūʻai e hoʻouka i nā keʻena.
ʻAʻole kēia nā ʻano o nā puka
18. Me he mea lā ka manaʻo o ka mīkini neʻe mau, i make mau loa i Bose, i ola i ka manaʻo o nā mea kanu uila e hoʻopili ʻia (PSPP). ʻO ka leka kani mua - e hoʻomālie i nā fluctuations o ka uila i kēlā me kēia lā - lawe ʻia i kahi o ka absurdity. Hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻolālā i nā PSP a hoʻāʻo e kūkulu a hiki i kahi o nā fluctuations o kēlā me kēia lā a liʻiliʻi paha lākou. No laila, ua hoʻomaka nā hoa hana maʻalea e hoʻokahuli i ka poʻe kālaiʻāina me nā manaʻo hoʻokalakupua. I Kelemania, no ka laʻana, kahi papahana e hana i kahi mana hoʻomoe i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i lalo o ka wai i loko o ke kai e noʻonoʻo ʻia i kēia makahiki. E like me ka mea i hāpai ʻia e nā mea hana, pono ʻoe e lūlū i kahi pōpō pōkā hollow nui ma lalo o ka wai. E hoʻopiha ia i ka wai e ka umekaumaha. Ke pono hou aʻe ka uila, e hāʻawi ʻia ka wai o ka poepoe i nā pōpō. Pehea e lawelawe ai? Pahu uila, ʻoiaʻiʻo.
19. He mea hoʻopaʻapaʻa hou aʻe, e waiho mālie, i nā haʻina mai ke kahua o ka ikehu kuʻuna ʻole. I ka US, ua hele mai lākou me nā kāmaʻa holo e hoʻoulu ai i 3 watts o ka uila i kēlā me kēia hola (ke hele wāwae, ʻoia nō). A ma Australia, aia kekahi meakanu uila e puhi i nā nutshells. Hoʻolilo ʻia hoʻokahi a me ka hapa o nā pūpū i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua megawatts o ka uila i hoʻokahi hola.
20. Ua kipaku ʻiʻo ka ikehu ʻōmaʻomaʻo i ka ʻōnaehana mana o Australia i hoʻohui ʻia i kahi mokuʻāina ʻo "hele hewa". ʻO ka hemahema o ka uila, i ala aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻololi ʻia o nā mana TPP me nā mea kanu o ka lā a me ka makani, i alakaʻi ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kumukūʻai. Ua alakaʻi ka piʻi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai i nā Australians e hoʻonohonoho i nā panela lā ma ko lākou mau home, a me nā pehu makani kokoke i ko lākou mau home. E hoʻokaʻawale hou kēia i ka ʻōnaehana. Pono nā mea hana e hoʻolauna i nā mana hou, e koi ana i kālā hou, ʻo ia hoʻi, hoʻonui ʻia ke kumukūʻai hou. ʻO ke aupuni, ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, hāʻawi kālā i kēlā me kēia kilowatt o ka uila i loaʻa iā ia i ka pā o ka home, ʻoiai e kau ana i nā uku hiki ʻole ke kiʻi ʻia a me nā koi i nā mea kanu mana kuʻuna.
ʻĀina ʻo Australian
21. Ua ʻike ka poʻe āpau no ka manawa lōʻihi he uila "uila" ka uila i loaʻa mai nā mana uila mehana - ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻo CO2 , hopena hoʻomehana honua, hoʻomehana honua, a me nā mea like. I ka manawa like, hāmau ka poʻe kālaihonua e pili ana i ka like o ka СО2 Hoʻokumu ʻia ia i ka hana o ka lā, geothermal, a me ka ikehu makani (e loaʻa ai, pono nā mea non-ecological). ʻO nā ʻano ikehu maʻemaʻe loa he nukelea a me ka wai.
22. Ma kekahi o nā kūlanakauhale o Kaleponi, kahi kukui uila i hoʻā ʻia ma 1901, e hoʻomālamalama mau ʻia i loko o kahi keʻena ahi. ʻO Adelphe Scheie ka kukui me ka mana o 4 watts wale nō, ka mea i hoʻāʻo e hoʻokūkū me Edison. ʻOi aku ka mānoanoa o ke kalapona kalapona ma mua o nā filament o nā kukui o kēia ao, akā ʻaʻole hoʻoholo ʻia ka lōʻihi o ke kukui Chaier e kēia mea. ʻO nā filament o kēia manawa (ʻoi aku ka pololei, nā spirals) o ka incandescence e hoʻopau i ka wā ke wela. Hāʻawi wale nā kalapona kalapona i ke kūlana like i nā kukui hou aʻe.
Kukui hoʻopaʻa leo
23. Kāhea ʻia ka uila ʻaʻole ia he uila no ka mea ua loaʻa me ke kōkua o kahi pūnaewele uila. ʻO nā mākala āpau o ke kino o ke kanaka, me ka puʻuwai, hana a hana i nā impulses uila. Hoʻopaʻa nā hāmeʻa iā lākou, a ke kauka, ke nānā nei i ka cardiogram, hana i kahi hōʻailona.
24. ʻO ka lāʻau uila, e like me ka ʻike o nā mea āpau, ua hana ʻia e Benjamin Franklin i ka makahiki 1752. Ma ke kūlanakauhale ʻo Nevyansk (i kēia manawa ka ʻāina ʻo Sverdlovsk) i ka makahiki 1725 i hoʻopau ʻia ai ke kūkulu ʻana i hale kiaʻi me kahi kiʻekiʻe ma mua o 57 mika. Ua lei aliʻi ʻia ka hale kiaʻi ʻo Nevyanskaya me ka lāʻau uila.
Hale kiaʻi Nevyansk
25. Noho ma mua o ka piliona mau kānaka ma ka Honua me ka loaʻa ʻole o ka uila uila o ka home.
