ʻO Samuil Yakovlevich Marshak (1887 - 1964) ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i nā puke a nā keiki Soviet. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hoʻopiʻi i nā mea heluhelu ʻōpio me ka hoʻokalakupua pau ʻole o nā moʻolelo kaʻao (ʻoiai ʻo kāna mau moʻolelo kaʻao he maikaʻi loa), ʻaʻole e heʻe i loko o ka moral hohonu "Nānā ka mahina ma hope o nā lālā - aloha ka mahina i nā keiki akamai") ʻaʻole hoʻi e hoʻololi i ka ʻōlelo maʻalahi a nā keiki. He maʻalahi kāna mau hana no nā keiki, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo, a ma ka manawa like e hāpai mau i ka hohonu o ka hoʻonaʻauao, a me nā kumu ideological. A, i ka manawa like, hōʻike nui ka ʻōlelo a Marshak, ʻaʻohe o ka pretentiousness waho. Ua ʻae kēia i nā animator e hoʻomaʻa maʻalahi i ka hapa nui o kā Samuil Yakovlevich hana no nā keiki.
Ua kaulana ʻo Marshak ʻaʻole wale no nā hana a nā keiki. Mai lalo o kāna peni i hiki mai ai nā mea nui o ke kula unuhi Lūkini. Ua kūleʻa nui ʻo S. Ya. Marshak i ka unuhi ʻana mai ka ʻōlelo Pelekania. I kekahi manawa ua hiki iā ia ke hopu i nā mele a me nā kumu i nā mele a Shakespeare a i ʻole Kipling paʻakikī loa e loaʻa i ka heluhelu ʻana i nā hana o nā papa mele i ke kumu. ʻO ka nui o nā unuhi a Marshak mai ka ʻōlelo Pelekania i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano mele. Ua unuhi ka mea kākau i nā mele a Mao Zedong mai nā ʻōlelo a kekahi mau lāhui o ka Soviet Union, a mai ka Pākē hoʻi.
He mea kupaianaha nā mākau hoʻonohonoho o ka mea kākau. Ua hana ʻo ia i nā mea he nui, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo ai i kēia manawa, "nā hoʻomaka". I ka wā o ke Kaua Honua Mua, ua kōkua ʻo Samuʻela i nā keiki makua ʻole. Ma Krasnodar, ua hana ʻo Marshak i hale keaka no nā keiki, kahi ʻano e ulu wale nei i Rūkia. Ma Petrograd, ua holo ʻo ia i kahi ke keʻena kaulana loa o nā mea kākau keiki. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Marshak i ka makasina ʻo "Sparrow", nona ka hui pū ʻana, ma ke kaʻao ma o ka makasina "New Robinson", ua hānau ʻia ka lālā Leningrad o "Detgiz". A ma hope ua hiki iā ia ke hoʻohui i nā hana moʻokalaleo me nā hana hoʻonohonoho, a kōkua pū kekahi i nā ʻōpio ʻōpio he nui.
1. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kākau moʻolelo nui a Samuil Marshak, ʻo Matvey Geyser, i kākau i nā mele i ka wā kamaliʻi a nā hoa kula āpau i makemake ai. Ua ʻākoakoa pū nā hoa papa i ka hōʻiliʻili o ʻekolu mau kekona mele mai nā album a nā kaikamahine a me nā nūpepa paia o ke kula, a hoʻouna iā Pionerskaya Pravda. Mai laila mai kahi pane me ka makemake e heluhelu hou aku iā Pushkin, Lermontov, a pēlā aku. Ua hoʻouna aku nā hoa hana huhū i nā mele like iā Marshak. Ua hoʻihoʻi hou ka mea kākau i ka hōʻiliʻili holoʻokoʻa, e nānā kikoʻī ana i nā hemahema o kekahi o nā paukū. Ma hope o ka hana hou ʻana o kahi mana e like me ia, ua kū ʻo Glazer i ke kākau ʻana i nā mele. Ma hope o nā makahiki he nui ua laki ʻo ia e kipa iā Samuil Yakovlevich ma ke ʻano he malihini. E noʻonoʻo i kāna pūʻiwa i ka manawa i hoʻomanaʻo ʻole ai ʻo Marshak i nā mele no keikikāne, akā heluhelu pū kekahi nō hoʻi i nā mele a Matthew ma ka puʻuwai. Ua kāhea ʻo Leonid Panteleev i kā Marshak hoʻomanaʻo "kilokilo" - ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo ia i nā mele a Velimir Khlebnikov mai ka heluhelu mua ʻana me ka leo nui.
ʻO Matvey Geyser me kāna puke ponoʻī e pili ana iā Marshak
2. He makuakāne ko Yakov Mironovich makuakāne o ka mea kākau, akā he ʻaoʻao kolohe loa. Holo aku nā mea nona nā hale hana kopa a me nā wili ʻaila e kono iā ia e hoʻokele, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ia ke noho lōʻihi ma kahi hoʻokahi. ʻAʻole makemake ʻo Yakov Marshak e lawelawe, akā nona kahi ʻoihana i mea e ʻike ai i kāna mau manaʻo inventive, a ʻaʻohe āna kālā e kūʻai ai i kahi hale hana a mea kanu paha. No laila, noho iki ka ʻelemakule Marshak ma kahi hoʻokahi no hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi paha, a neʻe mau ka ʻohana.
ʻO nā mākua o Samuil Marshak
3. ʻO ke kaikuaʻana ʻo Marshak ʻo ʻIlya i nīnau nui mai ka wā kamaliʻi mai, a laila ua ʻae ʻo ia iā ia e lilo i mea kākau naʻeaka. Ua paʻi ʻia ma lalo o ka pseudonym M. Ilyin a ua kākau i nā puke ʻepekema kaulana no nā keiki. Ma mua o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic, hana ka nui o nā mea kākau i kēia ʻano, a paipai ka mokuʻāina iā lākou - pono i ka Soviet Union nā kamaʻāina akamai i ka ʻenehana. I ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ua lahilahi ke kahe o nā puke ʻepekema kaulana o ke keiki, a i kēia manawa ke waiho nei ka moʻomeheu o ke ʻano M. Perelman i ka hoʻomanaʻo o ka hanauna kahiko, akā ʻaʻole ia i hoʻomohala i nā puke ʻepekema kaulana wale nō. A ʻo ka peni a M. Ilyin no ia mau puke e like me "Hoʻokahi Haneri Tausani No ke aha" a me "Nā moʻolelo e pili ana i nā mea".
M. Ilyin
4. ʻO ka mea mua i mahalo i ke kālena o Marshak ka mea loiloi kaulana ʻo Vladimir Stasov. ʻAʻole wale ʻo ia i hoʻomaikaʻi i ke keikikāne, akā ua hoʻokau iā ia i ka hanohano III St. Petersburg gymnasium. Ma loko o kēia hale hoʻoikaika kino i loaʻa ai iā Marshak ka ʻike kumu maikaʻi loa o nā ʻōlelo, i ʻae iā ia e lilo i unuhi maikaʻi loa. ʻO nā mea unuhi Lūkia a laila hana i nā unuhi mai ka palaka a Pelekane a paʻa i ka alelo. ʻO kēia prose hopohopo - he mea waiwai ʻole nā unuhi o nā mele. ʻOiai me nā inoa o nā ʻano, he pōʻino maoli nō. ʻO "Sherlock Holmes" a me "Dr. Watson", nona nā inoa a mākou i loaʻa ai mai kēlā mau mea unuhi wale nō, ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo "Nā home" a me "Watson", kēlā me kēia. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia iwakālua, aia kekahi mau ʻano like ʻole o ka inoa o ka mākaʻikaʻi e like me "Holmes" a ʻo "Holmz" hoʻi. A ua kapa ʻia ka inoa ʻo "Paul" e nā koa kākau moʻolelo ʻEnelani i kapa ʻia ʻo "Paul" i nā makahiki 1990. ʻO ka mana hoʻokalakupua o ke akamai ... ʻike ʻo Marshak i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania ʻaʻole ma ke ʻano o nā huaʻōlelo, akā ma ke ʻano he mea nui i hoʻohui ʻia, a ma nā ʻano mōʻaukala like ʻole.
ʻO Vladimir Stasov. Ma hope o ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, ʻaʻole i lilo ʻo Marshak i kumu aʻo i ʻoi aku ka hewa ma mua o ka mea loiloi nāna i hāʻawi iā ia i kahi likiki i nā puke
5. Ua hoʻolauna aku ʻo Stasov iā Marshak ma ke alo pū ʻole iā Leo Tolstoy - ua hōʻike ʻo ia i nā kiʻi kākau nui o ka papa ʻōpio a me kekahi o kāna mau mele. Ua hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi ʻo Tolstoy i nā mele, akā ua hoʻohui ʻo ia ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hilinaʻi i "kēia mau geeks". I ka manawa a Stasov i haʻi aku ai iā Samuʻela e pili ana i ka hālāwai, ua huhū loa ke kanaka ʻōpio iā Tolstoy.
6. He kanaka koʻikoʻi ʻo Maxim Gorky i ka hopena o Marshak. Ma ka hui ʻana me ka Marshak ʻōpio i kēlā manawa ma Stasov's, mahalo ʻo Gorky i nā mele a ke keiki. A ʻoiai ua aʻo ʻo ia he nāwaliwali nāwaliwali ʻo ia, ʻo Gorky maoli i loko o kekahi mau lā i hoʻonohonoho ʻia no Samuʻela e hoʻohuli ʻia i kahi hale haʻuki ʻo Yalta, e hāʻawi ana iā ia i kahi noho i kona ʻohana.
ʻO Marshak lāua ʻo Maxim Gorky
7. A hiki i ka 1920, ʻo Marshak, ʻoiai he ʻōpio, akā he mea kākau mele "koʻikoʻi" a me ka mea kākau. Ua huakaʻi ʻo ia i Palesetina, ua aʻo ma ʻEnelani a ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele lime a me nā mele maikaʻi i nā wahi āpau. Hoʻomaka ʻo Marshak e kākau no nā keiki wale nō ke hana nei i ka hale keaka kamaliʻi ma Krasnodar - nele ka hana keaka i nā mea hana keu.
8. ʻO ka huakaʻi i Palesetina a me nā mele i kākau ʻia i kēlā manawa ua hāpai i ka wā ma hope o Soviet e haʻi aku iā Marshak he Ziona a me kahi anti-Stalinist huna. Wahi a kekahi mau pōʻaiapili o ka poʻe naʻauao, ua kākau ʻo Marshak i kāna mau hana, mālama ʻo ia i nā makasina, hana i ka paʻi hale, hana pū me nā mea kākau ʻōpio, a i ka pō ma lalo o kona uluna ua kākau ʻo ia i nā mele anti-Stalinist. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻohilahila ʻia kēia Ziona e ka mākaukau loa a hele aku ʻo Stalin i waho i kona inoa mai nā papa inoa hoʻokō. He aha ka mea maʻamau no kēia ʻano mea kākau - kahi ʻaoʻao ma hope o ka hana a Marshak, wehewehe lākou i ka mana o ka Cheka - NKVD - MGB - KGB. Me ka ʻike ʻole o kēia ʻano, e like me kāu e ʻike ai, ma ka Soviet Union, ʻaʻohe mea i hiki ke hoʻopili i kahi nila i loko o kahi kiʻi nūpepa o kekahi o nā alakaʻi Soviet me ka hoʻopaʻi ʻole - ua hōʻike koke ʻia ia mau hana he terrorism a hoʻopaʻi ʻia ma lalo o ka ʻatikala 58. ʻO Marshak e loaʻa ana nā makana iā Stalin i kēlā manawa.
9. I ka manawa a Alexei Tolstoy i hōʻike aku ai iā Marshak i kāna mau kiʻi no ka unuhi ʻana o ka moʻolelo kaʻao a Carlo Goldoni "Pinocchio", ua ʻōlelo koke ʻo Samuil Yakovlevich e kākau ʻo ia i kāna hana ponoʻī, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka papa hana a Goldoni, ʻaʻole e ukali i ka palapala Italia. Ua ʻae ʻo Tolstoy me ke noi, a ua hānau ʻia ʻo "The Adventures of Buratino". ʻO nā kamaʻilio āpau a Tolstoy i ʻaihue ai i kahi moʻolelo kaʻao mai kahi ʻItalia ʻaʻohe ona kahua.
10. ʻO Mikhail Zoshchenko, ka mea i komo i kahi pilikia hana a me nā pilikia o kēlā me kēia lā, ua ʻōlelo ʻo Marshak e kākau no nā keiki. Ma hope, ua ʻae ʻo Zoshchenko ma hope o ka hana ʻana no nā keiki, ua ʻoi aku kona maikaʻi ma ke kākau ʻana no nā mākua. ʻO ka papa inoa o nā mea kākau a me nā haku mele a Samuil Yakovlevich i kōkua ai i kā lākou hana pū me Olga Berggolts, Leonid Panteleev a me Grigory Belykh, Evgeny Charushin, Boris Zhitkov a me Evgeny Schwartz.
11. I kekahi manawa ua hōʻaiʻē ʻo Alexander Tvardovsky i kahi kaʻa mai Marshak - ua haki kāna ponoʻī. I ka hōʻea ʻana i ka hale kaʻa, ua ʻike ʻo Tvardovsky i kahi kalaiwa āna i ʻike maopopo ai, kokoke i ka uē ʻana no kahi leo mānoanoa. Nīnau ka haku mele iā Afanasy - ʻo ia ka inoa o ka mea kalaiwa, kahi kāne waena - he aha ka pilikia. Ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia: ke hele nei lākou ma ke kahua kaʻaahi Kursk, a ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Marshak aia ma laila i hala ai ʻo Anna Karenina ma mua o kona make ʻana. Ua nīnau ʻo Samuel Yakovlevich inā ua hoʻomanaʻo ʻo Afanasy i ke ʻano o ka maopopo o kā Karenina ʻike ʻana i nā mea āpau. Loaʻa i ka mea hoʻokele ka hana kūpono ʻole e haʻi aku iā Marshak ʻaʻole ʻo ia i hoʻokele iā Karenins. Hāʻawi ka huhū huhū iā ia i kahi nui o Anna Karenina a ʻōlelo ʻo ia a hiki i ka manawa a Afanasy e heluhelu ai i ka puke, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻohana i kāna lawelawe. A uku ʻia nā uku o nā mea kalaiwa no ka mile mile, a i ʻole no ka manawa ma ka huakaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi, e noho ana i ka hale kaʻa, ua loaʻa ʻo Afanasy i kahi mea liʻiliʻi.
12. Loaʻa koke nā mele a Marshak, akā i ka manawa like he kiʻekiʻe ke kūlana, a ma hoʻokahi quatrain hiki iā ia ke hoʻolilo he ʻumi mau pepa. Akā ʻoiai me nā loiloi i lawe ʻia ai, ʻo ka wikiwiki o ke kākau ʻana i nā mele he mea kupaianaha. I ka wā o ke Kaua Patriotic Nui, hana pū ʻo Marshak me nā Kukryniksy (nā mea pena kiʻi kiʻi M. M. Kupriyanov, P. Krylov a me N. Sokolov). ʻO ka manaʻo kumu i kākau nā mea kaha kiʻi ʻekolu i nā kiʻi ʻoniʻoni, a ua hoʻopuka ʻo Marshak me nā pūlima mele no lākou. Akā ma hope o kekahi mau lā, ua loli ke kumumanaʻo o ka hana: Ua hoʻolohe ʻo Marshak i ka hōʻuluʻulu o ka Sovinformburo, e haku i kahi mele, ʻae ʻia i nā luna kūpono a lawe mai a hoʻolilo paha iā ia i nā mea pena kiʻi i loaʻa ʻole kahi manaʻo no kahi caricature. ʻO nā laina a Marshak "No ka mea kaua ka makhorka mea pipiʻi, puhi a puhi i ka ʻenemi" i paʻi ʻia ma nā pūʻolo miliona o ka paka paka. No kā lākou hana i loko o nā makahiki kaua, ua hui pū ʻia ʻo Kukryniksy a me Marshak i ka papa inoa o ko ʻenemi pilikino Hitler.
ʻO nā ʻenemi ponoʻī o ka Fuhrer
13. He pilikia paʻakikī kā Marshak me Kival Chukovsky. No kēia manawa, ʻaʻole hele mai ia e wehe i nā hakakā, akā ʻaʻole i haʻalele ka poʻe kākau moʻolelo i ka manawa kūpono e hoʻokuʻu i ka hōʻino i kā lākou mau hoa. ʻO Marshak, no ka laʻana, makemake e hoʻomāʻewaʻewa i ka ʻo Chukovsky, ke aʻo ʻana i ka ʻōlelo Pelekania mai kahi alakaʻi aʻo pilikino me ka ʻāpana "pronunci" i wāwahi ʻia, hoʻohilahila ʻole ʻia nā huaʻōlelo Pelekania. Ua hele mai kahi hakahā koʻikoʻi, no ʻumi mau makahiki a me ka hapa, i Detgiz ma 1943 hōʻole lākou e paʻi i kā Chukovsky puke "We Will Defeat Barmaley". ʻO Marshak, nāna i kōkua mua iā Chukovsky e paʻi, i kēia manawa ua hōʻino hewa ʻole i ka hana. Ua ʻae ʻo Chukovsky ua nāwaliwali kāna mau mele, akā ua huhū ʻo ia a ua kāhea ʻo Marshak i ka maʻalea a me ka hoʻokamani.
14. He ʻano kamaliʻi kā ka mea kākau o nā hana he nui no nā keiki. ʻAʻole ʻo ia i makemake nui i ka hiamoe ʻana i ka manawa kūpono, a ua inaina ʻo ia i ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā papa no ka ʻaina awakea ma ka papa kuhikuhi. I loko o nā makahiki, ua pono ka ʻai ʻana e like me ka papa kuhikuhi. Ua hoʻolimalima ʻo Marshak i kahu hale me kahi ʻano koʻikoʻi loa. ʻO Rozalia Ivanovna i ka hola i koho ʻia i ʻōwili i ka papa i loko o ka lumi, me ka nānā ʻole i ka mea a Samuil Yakovlevich e hana nei a e kamaʻilio pū ana paha. Ua kapa ʻo ia iā ia ʻo "Empress" a i ʻole "Administration".
15. Ua male ʻo Samuil Marshak, ʻoiai ma Palestine, iā Sophia Milvidskaya. Ua kōkua maikaʻi nā kāne i kekahi i kekahi, a hiki ke kapa ʻia ka male male hauʻoli inā ʻaʻole no ka hopena o nā keiki. ʻO ke kaikamahine mua a Nathaniel, ma kahi o hoʻokahi makahiki wale nō, ua make i ke ahi ma hope o ke kīkē ʻana i kahi samovar e hoʻolapalapa ana. ʻO kekahi keikikāne, ʻo Yakov, i make i ka maʻi palū i ka makahiki 1946. Ma hope o kēlā, maʻi nui ka wahine a Marshak a make i 1053. ʻO nā keiki ʻekolu, hoʻokahi wale nō keiki kāne, ʻo Immanuel, ka mea i lilo i physicist, i ola.
16. Mai 1959 a 1961, ke kākau ʻōlelo a Marshak ka mea kākau moʻolelo Lūkia kaulana ʻo Vladimir Pozner, ka mea i puka i ke kula nui. ʻO Pozner ka laulima ʻana me Marshak i pau i kahi mea hōʻino - ua hoʻāʻo ʻo Posner e heʻe i kāna mau unuhi mai ka ʻōlelo Pelekane i ka keʻena hoʻoponopono o ka makasina Novy Mir, me ka hoʻohuihui ʻana iā lākou me nā unuhi a Marshak. Kipaku koke ka mea kākau i ka ʻōpio maʻalea. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua hōʻike ʻo Posner i ka hanana maikaʻi ʻole ma ke ʻano he hoʻāʻo e pāʻani i kahi prank ma ka papa hoʻoponopono.
17. I nā helu, like ke ʻano o ka hoʻoilina hoʻoilina o Samuil Marshak: 3,000 o kāna mau hana ponoʻī, 1,500 hana unuhi, nā paʻi ma 75 mau ʻōlelo ʻē. I Lūkini, ʻo ka nui o ka paʻi paʻi hoʻokahi o kā Marshak puke puke he 1.35 miliona kope, ʻoiai ka huina paʻi o nā hana a ka mea kākau i koho ʻia ma 135 miliona kope.
18. Ua hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Samuil Marshak i ʻelua mau kauoha a Lenin, ke kauoha o ka ʻulaʻula o ka hana a me ke kauoha o ke kaua aloha ʻāina, kēkelē ʻekahi. He laureate ʻo ia no 4 Stalin a me Lenin makana. I nā kūlanakauhale nui a pau kahi e noho ai ka mea kākau, ua hoʻokau ʻia nā pā hoʻomanaʻo, a ma Voronezh kahi kia hoʻomanaʻo no S. Marshak. Hoʻonohonoho ʻia kekahi kia hoʻomanaʻo e hoʻouka ʻia ma Lyalina Square ma Moscow. ʻO ka laina ʻo Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya o ka metro ʻo Moscow e holo i ke kaʻaahi kumuhana "My Marshak".
19. Ma hope o ka make ʻana o Samuel Marshak, ʻo Sergei Mikhalkov, ka mea i manaʻo e hui pū me ia e hoʻoholo no kāna hana, ua kākau ʻo ia ua hakahaka ke alahaka o ke kāpena o ka moku o nā puke a nā keiki Soviet. I kona wā e ola ana, ua kāhea ʻo Mikhalkov iā Samuil Yakovlevich "Marshak of the Soviet Union".
20. ʻO ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana i nā waiwai a me nā palapala i waiho ʻia e kona makuakāne, ua ʻike ʻo Immanuel Marshak i nā leo he nui ma ka pahu paʻi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni. Ke nānā nei iā lākou, pūʻiwa ʻo ia: ma nā wahi a kona makuakāne i kahi ākea, ua hoʻopuni koke ʻia ʻo ia e nā keiki. ʻAe, i ka Soviet Union - kaulana ʻo Samuil Yakovlevich ma ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa. Akā ke kiʻi like - ma ʻaneʻi e hele kaʻawale nei ʻo Marshak, akā ua uhi ʻia ʻo ia me nā keiki - kiʻi ʻia i ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma Ladana, a ma Oxford, a ma Sekotia kokoke i ka villa o Robert Burns.
