ʻO ka kokoleka a me nā huahana i hana ʻia mai ia mea pālahalaha a ʻano like ʻole, me ka ʻike ʻole i ka mōʻaukala, manaʻo paha kekahi e ʻai ana ke kanaka i ke kokoleka mai ka wā kahiko loa mai. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ua hiki mai kahi ʻono momona mai ʻEulopa mai ʻAmelika mai ka manawa like me ka ʻuala a me nā tōmato, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i ke kokoleka ke kaena i ka mōʻaukala he tausani makahiki o ka palaoa a me ka rai. Ma ka manawa like e like me ke kokoleka, nā bearings, nā ʻūpala a me nā wati ʻeke i hoʻomaka ai e hoʻolaha ma waena o ʻEulopa.
Nā hoa hana
I kēia manawa ua hoʻopihapiha ka hoʻolaha ʻana a me ke kālepa ʻana i ko mākou ola a hiki i ka lolo, i ka lohe ʻana e pili ana i ka nui o nā huaora, magnesium, calcium, hopena tonic a i ʻole nā waiwai ʻē aʻe o kahi mea a huahana paha. He mea paʻakikī iā mākou ke noʻonoʻo i ke kenekulia 17, hiki i nā mea inu ono loa ke komo i kahi kanaka i kahi kūlana semi-maule. ʻO kekahi hana tonic me he mea lā he makana akua. A ʻo ka hui pū ʻana o ka ʻono maikaʻi loa a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana, ka hopena hou i ke kino e noʻonoʻo ai ʻoe e pili ana i nā kumu lani. Akā i ka poʻe ʻEulopa mua i ʻono ia, hana like ke kokoleka e like me kēlā.
Me nā mea pau a pau o ka expressive mea, ʻaʻole hiki ke hūnā ka leʻaleʻa
ʻIke ʻia e ka poʻe Paniolo i ke kenekulia 16, ua laha koke nā lāʻau koko i loko o nā kolone ʻAmelika, a ma hope o ʻelua mau kenekulia ua pau ka lilo ʻana o ke kokoleka i kūlana aliʻi. ʻO kahi kipi maoli i ka hana a me ka ʻai ʻana o ka kokoleka i kū i ka 19 kenekulia. A ʻaʻole ia e pili ana i ka ʻimi ʻana i kahi ʻenehana no ka hana ʻana i nā kī kokoleka. ʻO ke kuhi ua hiki ke hana i ka kokoleka, e like me kā lākou e ʻōlelo nei i kēia manawa, "me ka hoʻohui o nā mea maoli maoli". Ua heleleʻi ke kōkō waiū i loko o ke kokoleka i 60, 50, 35, 20, a i ka hopena he 10%. Kōkua ʻia nā mea hana e ka ʻono ikaika o ke kokoleka, ʻoiai i kahi haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa e hoʻokahakaha nei i nā ʻono ʻē aʻe. ʻO ka hopena, hiki iā mākou ke koho wale i ke ʻano o ke kokoleka Cardinal Richelieu, Madame Pompadour a me nā mea aloha kiʻekiʻe aʻe o kēia inu i inu. ʻOiaʻiʻo, i kēia manawa hoʻi ma nā pūʻolo kokoleka pouli, ma ka wehewehe ʻana i loko o kahi huahana maʻemaʻe, aia nā kahakaha ma ka paʻi liʻiliʻi me nā hōʻailona ±.
Eia kekahi mau ʻoiaʻiʻo a me nā moʻolelo hoihoi a maikaʻi ʻole paha no nā ipo kokoleka nui wale nō.
1. Ua hoʻopau ʻia ka kokoleka ma ʻEulopa mai ka makahiki 1527 - hiki koke mai ka makahiki 500 o ke ʻano o kēia huahana i ka Old World. Eia naʻe, ua loaʻa ka kokoleka i ka nānā maʻamau o ka ʻaukā paʻa ma kahi o 150 mau makahiki i hala. ʻO ka hana nui ʻana o nā kī kokoleka ma ʻEulopa i hoʻomaka ma 1875 ma Switzerland. Ma mua o kēlā, hoʻopau ʻia ia i loko o ke ʻano wai o nā kekona like ʻole o ka viscosity, anuanu mua, a laila wela. Ua hoʻomaka lākou e inu i ke kokoleka wela ma ka ulia. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻowalewale ʻana o ke kokoleka anuanu ke hoʻomehana ʻia, a ʻo ka mea hoʻokolohua, ka mea i mālama ʻole ʻia kona inoa i ka mōʻaukala, ʻaʻohe o lākou ahonui e kali no ke anuanu o ka inu.
ʻAʻole maopopo ʻo Valiant Cortez i ke ʻano o ka gin āna i hoʻokuʻu ai i loko o kahi ʻeke kope
2. Hiki i ke kanaka ke kiʻi i ka lāʻau kokoleka make loa. ʻO Theobromine, ʻo ia ka alkaloid nui i loko o nā pīni koko, weliweli i ke kino i nā nui (i loko o kēia, ma ke ʻano nui, ʻaʻole hoʻokahi ma waena o nā alkaloid). Eia nō naʻe, maʻalahi ka maʻalahi o ke kanaka. Kū ka paepae omo i ka manawa o 1ob ka nui o kaobobine ma 1 kilogram o ke kaupaona o ke kanaka. Loaʻa i kahi kī 100-gram o ka kokoleka i 150 i 220 mau milligrams o theobromine. ʻO ia, i mea e make ai ʻo ia iho, pono ke kanaka i kaupaona he 80 kg e ʻai (a me ka wikiwiki loa) he 400 mau kī kokoleka. ʻAʻole pēlā ka hihia me nā holoholona. ʻO nā meaola o nā pōpoki a me nā ʻīlio assimilate theobromine me ka lohi, no laila, no kā mākou mau hoa hele wāwae ʻehā, ʻelima mau manawa ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi o ka lethal ma mua o nā kānaka. No kahi ʻīlio ʻelima paona a i ʻole popoki, no laila, ʻoiai hoʻokahi kīkale kokoleka ke lilo i mea make. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, ʻo ke kokoleka ka mea nui i makemake ʻia no nā bea. Haʻalele wale nā Hunters i ka candy ma ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe a me ka hoʻohālua. Ma kēia ala, ma kahi o 700 - 800 mau bea i luku ʻia i hoʻokahi wale nō kau kau ma New Hampshire wale nō. Akā hiki pū kekahi ʻaʻole e helu ka poʻe huli holoholona i ke ana a lohi paha. I ka 2015, ua hina kekahi ʻohana hahai holoholona ʻehā i ka maunu. Ua make ka ʻohana holoʻokoʻa i ka hopu ʻia o ka naʻau.
3. I ka makahiki 2017, aneane he 60% o Ivory Coast a me Ghana no ka hana ʻana i ka pīni koko. Wahi a nā helu helu, ua hana ʻo Cote DʻIvoire i 40% o nā mea kokoleka, ʻoiai ʻo Ghana e pili ana i hana ʻia ma kahi o 19%. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ke kahakaha i ka laina ma waena o ka hana kō koko i kēia mau ʻāina. I Ghana, hauʻoli ka poʻe mahiʻai koko i ke kākoʻo aupuni. Loaʻa iā lākou kahi paʻa (e nā kūlana ʻApelika, ʻoiaʻiʻo) uku uku, hāʻawi ka aupuni i nā miliona o nā kumulāʻau kokoleka manuahi no ka manuahi i kēlā me kēia makahiki a hōʻoia i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā huahana. Ma Côte dʻIvoire, eia naʻe, ulu ka cocoa a kūʻai aku ʻia e like me nā lauana o ka kapitalisme hihiu: hana keiki, he 100 hola hana hebedoma, hāʻule nā kumukūʻai i nā makahiki ʻohi, a pēlā aku. I kēlā mau makahiki ke kiʻekiʻe nā kumukūʻai ma Côte dʻIvoire, ke aupuni Pono ʻo Ghana e hana pū me ka hoʻopulapula ʻana o ka koko i kahi ʻāina kokoke. A i nā ʻāina ʻelua he mau miliona ka poʻe i ʻono ʻole i ka kokoleka i ko lākou ola.
ʻO Ghana lāua ʻo Cote DʻIvoire. Ma kahi ʻākau iki aku, hiki iā ʻoe ke smuggle i ke one. ʻO Nigera i Mali a i ʻole Algeria i Libya
4. Ua hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia ʻo Ghana a me Cote D ʻIvoire i alakaʻi no ka ulu ʻana i ka hana ʻana o ka kokoleka maka. I kēia mau ʻāina, i loko o 30 mau makahiki i hala iho nei, ua hoʻonui ʻia ka hana ʻana o nā pīni koko i 3 a me 4 mau manawa. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe mea like ma Indonesia i kēia anakahi. I ka makahiki 1985, he 35,000 wale nō mau tona o nā koʻa koko i ulu ma kēia ʻāina moku nui. I loko o ʻekolu mau makahiki wale nō, ua ulu ka hana i 800,000 tone. Hiki paha iā Indonesia ke hoʻoneʻe iā Ghana mai ka lua ma ka papa inoa o nā ʻāina hana i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
5. E like me ka maʻa mau i ka hoʻokele waiwai o ka honua holoʻokoʻa, ʻaʻole e loaʻa i ka liona o ka loaʻa kālā e ka mea hana i nā mea maka, akā na ka mea hana i ka huahana hope loa. No laila, ʻaʻohe ʻāina hoʻoili koko-pī i waena o nā alakaʻi i ka hana ʻana i ke kokoleka, kokoke pū nō hoʻi. Maʻaneʻi, ʻo nā ʻāina ʻEulopa wale nō, a ʻo ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me Kanada hoʻi, i waena o nā mea kūʻai mai kokoleka he ʻumi. Ke hoʻomau nei ʻo Kelemania i ke kēpau no nā makahiki he nui, ke lawe aku nei i nā huahana momona he $ 4.8 biliona ma 2016. A laila hele mai ʻo Pelekiuma, Holland a me ʻItalia me kahi palena palena maikaʻi. ʻO ka United States ka ʻelima, ʻo Kanada ka hiku, a ʻo Switzerland ʻo ia ma lalo o ka ʻumi kiʻekiʻe. Ua lawe aku ʻo Lūkia i $ 547 miliona o nā huahana kokoleka ma 2017.
6. ʻO ka mea kākau moʻolelo kuke kaulana ʻo William Pokhlebkin i manaʻo ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ke kokoleka no ka hoʻopili ʻana i nā huahana confectionery e hoʻopilikia wale i kā lākou ʻono maoli. ʻOi aku ka ʻono o ke kokoleka i nā mea ʻē aʻe āpau i nā hui like ʻana. Heʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no nā hua a me nā hua berry. Akā ʻo nā hui pū kekahi o nā ʻano kokoleka, ʻokoʻa i ka hoʻoliʻiliʻi o ka ʻono a me ke ʻano, Pokhlebkin i manaʻo ʻia he kūpono e nānā.
7. Ma muli o kona ʻono ikaika, ʻumeʻume pinepine ka kokoleka i ka nānā ʻana o nā mea ʻawaʻawa - kokoke i ka ʻono ʻana o ke kokoleka i ka ʻawaʻawa weliweli o strychnine. I ka hāʻule ʻana o 1869, he kamaʻāina ma Ladana, ʻo Christiane Edmunds, i ka ʻimi ʻana i ka hauʻoli o ka ʻohana, ua hoʻomake mua i ka wahine a kāna mea i koho ai (ʻo ka mea pōmaikaʻi, ua ola), a laila, i mea e hoʻohuli ai i nā kānalua mai iā ia iho, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e ʻawaʻawa i ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano lottery. Kūʻai mai i nā mea ono, hoʻohui ʻo ia i ka lāʻau make iā lākou, a hoʻihoʻi iā lākou i ka hale kūʻai - ʻaʻole lākou makemake iā lākou. Ua hoʻokolokolo ʻia ʻo Edmunds a hoʻopaʻi ʻia i ka make, akā ua ʻōlelo ʻia ua pupule ʻo ia a lilo ʻo ia i ke koena o kona ola i ka haukapila. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o kāna huakaʻi aloha, ʻo 40 mau makahiki ʻo Christine Edmunds.
8. ʻAʻole hoʻopōʻino ka kokoleka i nā niho a me ke kiʻi. Akā, he kāne ia no ke kāne i ka hakakā no nā niho olakino a me kahi kino lahilahi. Hoʻopuni ka waiū koko i nā niho, e hana ana i kahi pale pale keu ma luna o ka enamel. A lawe koke ʻia ka glucose a me ka waiū me kaobobine, a hoʻopau koke ʻia me ka hana ʻole ʻana i ka momona. He mea pono nō ka hopena enveloping o ka waiū koko ke pono ʻoe e hoʻopau koke i ka pōloli. E hoʻomaha nā ʻāpana kokoleka i kēia manaʻo, a na ka bata e hana i kahi kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ma nā paia o loko o ka ʻōpū, e pale ana iā lākou mai ka poino. Akā, ʻoiai, ʻaʻole pono ʻoe e lawe ʻia me ka hoʻopunipuni o ke kino.
9. Ma nā huaʻōlelo o kaʻai ʻana o ke kokoleka ma mua o ka honua. Noho nā kamaʻāina o nā panakō a me nā wati i ka awelika o 8.8 kg o ke kokoleka i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻO nā wahi he 12 aʻe e hiki mai ana i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe e noho ʻia e nā ʻāina ʻEulopa, me Estonia e noho ana ma ka wahi 7. Ma waho o ʻEulopa, ʻo ka hapanui o nā mea momona a pau ma Nūhōlani. I Rūsia, ʻo ka ʻai ʻana o ka kokoleka he 4.8 kilokika no kēlā me kēia poʻo i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻAi ʻia ka liʻiliʻi loa o ka kokoleka ma Kina - hoʻokahi wale nō 100-gram bar i kēlā me kēia Kina i kēlā me kēia makahiki.
10. Ua iho i lalo ʻo Henri Nestlé i ka mōʻaukala ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻokumu i ka meaʻai pēpē kaulike. ʻO ia ka mea nāna i hoʻomaka i ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā kumumanaʻo pēpē Eia nō naʻe, ma hope aku, i ke kūʻai ʻana aku o Nestlé i kāna ʻāpana i ka ʻoihana i kapa ʻia kona inoa, ua hōʻea lākou me ke kokoleka, a ʻo ka mahele o ka palaoa koko he 10% wale nō. Ua hoʻopiʻi ʻia ka neʻe ʻana o ke kūʻai aku wiwo ʻole i nā hopohopo olakino o nā mea kūʻai aku, a ʻo ka inoa ʻo Nestlé, ka mea i pili ʻole i ka hoʻopunipuni nani i haku ʻia, ua pili pili loa me ia. Ma mua o 100 mau makahiki ma hope mai, ua noi ʻo Nestlé i nā luna o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e ʻae i ka hana ʻana o ka kokoleka i ka ʻole o ka koko. Akā, e hoʻohana ʻia ka aila mea kanu ʻono. Ua hōʻole ʻia ka noi ʻana, akā hōʻike ka hiʻohiʻona i kahi kipi hou i ka hana ʻana o ka kokoleka.
ʻO Henri Nestlé
11. ʻO "Chocolate tank" ke kokoleka me ka pervitin i hoʻohui ʻia (i kapa ʻia hoʻi "methamphetamine"). Ua kaulana loa ka lāʻau i waena o nā pūʻali koa o ke kolu o ke Aupuni. Hoʻomaha ʻo Pervitin i ka ʻeha, luhi, hoʻonui a hoʻolōʻihi i ka hana, hoʻoikaika a hoʻonui i ka hilinaʻi iā ʻoe iho. Ua hāʻawi ʻia nā koa i mua i pervitin i loko o nā papa. Eia nō naʻe, ua kūʻai ka poʻe i loaʻa ka manawa kūpono i nā kokoleka pervitin iā lākou iho a i noi paha i ko lākou mau hoahānau e hoʻouna i nā kī hoʻokalakupua mai Kelemania, kahi i kūʻai kūʻokoʻa ʻia ai kēlā mau kokoleka. Kūʻē i ke kua o kēia moʻolelo, pāʻani ka moʻolelo aʻe i nā kala ʻokoʻa. Ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa, kikoʻī no nā hana ma ʻIraka wela (ʻoiai ma mua o Operation Desert Storm i ka makahiki 1991), ua hana nā lāʻau lapaʻau pūʻali koa, a me nā ʻenehana ʻo Hershey, i kahi ʻano kokoleka kūikawā i ʻokoʻa mai ke kokoleka maʻamau i kahi wahi hoʻoheheʻe ʻoi loa. ʻAʻole lākou i noʻonoʻo e piʻi mai me kahi ʻōpala kūikawā e like me ka paipu, akā hoʻomohala koke i kahi ʻano hou.
"Kokoleka waika"
12. Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia kahi puke āpau i ka nīnau inā kū ʻole ka ʻai ʻana o ka kokoleka i ka pono Karistiano. Ua kākau ʻia a paʻi ʻia i ka waena o ke kenekulia 17 e Antonio de Lyon Pinello. ʻO ka puke kahi hōʻuluʻulu waiwai o nā ʻike a me ka ʻike e pili ana i ka manaʻo o ka Ekalesia Katolika e pili ana i ka kokoleka. ʻO kahi laʻana, ma Mekiko, ke kūkā kamaʻilio e pili ana i ke kokoleka a me ka hoʻohana ʻana o kēia inu inu i ka wikiwiki ua wela loa a ua hoʻouna nā makuakāne o ka hale pule i kekahi ʻelele kūikawā iā Pope Pius V. ʻaʻole hiki ke noʻonoʻo ʻia kēlā muck i ka leʻaleʻa. No laila, ʻaʻole e uhaʻi nā mea aloha kokoleka i ka wikiwiki. Akā ma hope, i ka hopena o ke kenekulia 16, ua aʻo lākou i ka hana ʻana i ke kope ʻono, a ʻike koke ʻia ka inu me he lawehala lā. Aia kekahi mau hihia o ka hoʻomāinoino ʻia o ka poʻe kūʻai kokoleka e ka Inquisance Hemolele.
13. ʻAʻole ʻono nā pīni koko iā lākou iho e like me kokoleka. Ma hope o ka hemo ʻana mai ka hua, wehe ʻia ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni o gelatin mai nā pīni a waiho i ka lewa. ʻAe ʻia ka hana hoʻouluulu (hoʻoulu) e hoʻomohala no kekahi mau lā. A laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe hou ʻia nā pīni a kāwili ʻia i kahi mahana haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa - a i 140 ° C. Ma laila wale nō e loaʻa ai i nā pīni ka ʻono a me ka ʻaʻala o ke kokoleka. No laila, ʻo ke ʻala akua ke ʻala o nā piʻa koko pala a pala ʻia.
Pono kahi kī 100-gram o ka kokoleka ma kahi o 900-1000 mau pi.
14. Truffles and absinthe, hay and petals petals, wasabi and cologne, onions and palaoa, bacon a me ka paʻakai kai, curry peppers - nā mea āpau i ke kokoleka e nā couturiers mai ka cocoa paste, ka poʻe haʻaheo e kapa iā lākou iho he chocolatier! Eia kekahi, i ka wehewehe ʻana i kā lākou huahana, ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻokūkala wale i ka maʻa a me ka maʻamau o kāna ʻono. Manaʻo lākou i kā lākou leʻaleʻa kokoke i kahi hakakā me ka ʻōnaehana - ʻaʻole kēlā me kēia, i ʻōlelo lākou, e loaʻa ka ikaika e hele kūʻē i kēia au a hoʻomālamalama i ka honua. Maikaʻi no ka hui Swarovski - ʻoiai lākou e lana ana me ke kahe mai ka manawa o ko lākou hoʻokumu, hoʻomau lākou e lana. ʻO "The Boutiqe Box" kahi kokoleka maʻamau (mai ka koko maikaʻi loa, ʻoiaʻiʻo) i kāpīpī ʻia me nā flake niu gula. Hoʻokomo ʻia nā mea āpau i kahi pahu i hoʻonaninani ʻia me nā aniani kuni. ʻO ka hanohano elemakule e like me ka uku o ka honua ma kahi o $ 300.
Kokoleka mai Swarovski
15. Hoʻolahalaha ka manaʻo hana o nā mea hana kokoleka i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka huahana wale nō. I kekahi manawa ka manaʻo o nā mea hoʻolālā e hoʻopuni ana i nā kile liʻiliʻi a i ʻole nā kī i nā ʻano ʻokoʻa loa ke mahalo ʻia. A inā paha he overkill nā sofas kokoleka, kāmaʻa a mannequins paha, a laila nā domino, nā mea kūkulu LEGO a i ʻole kahi set o nā penikala kokoleka ke nānā aku a maoli kaila. I ka manawa like, hana nā mea: me ke kōkua o nā domino hiki iā ʻoe ke "hāmare i ke kao", e hōʻuluʻulu i kahi kaʻa liʻiliʻi mai ka hoʻonohonoho LEGO, a huki i nā penikala kokoleka ʻaʻole i ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma mua o nā lāʻau. Ua hele pū lākou me kahi koi kokoleka.
