ʻO nā ʻoihana, e like me nā mea āpau i ko mākou honua, ʻaʻole mau loa. ʻO nā kumu no ka mea ua lilo kēia a i ʻole kēia ʻoihana i kāna ʻano lehulehu a i ʻole makemake ʻia e ʻokoʻa paha. ʻO ka hapanui pinepine kēia ka hoʻomohala ʻenehana o ke kaiāulu. Ua lilo nā mea aloha i huahana nui, a ua nalowale nā wili makani mai nā mines, e hāʻawi ana i ka ea i ka maka me ka peahi lima. Ua kūkulu lākou i kahi sewer i ke kūlanakauhale - nalowale nā mea gula.
ʻO nā mea hana gula kahi ʻāpana o ka ʻāina o kekahi kūlanakauhale no nā kenekulia
'Lelo maʻamau, ʻaʻole pololei loa e hoʻopili i ka huaʻōlelo "nalo" i nā ʻoihana me ka nānā ʻole. ʻO ka hapa nui o kēlā mau ʻoihana a mākou e manaʻo nei ua nalo ʻaʻole make i waho, akā hoʻololi. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o kēia hoʻololi ʻana ma mua o ka qualitative. ʻO kahi laʻana, hana ka mea kalaiwa kaʻa i ka hana like me ke kahu a i ʻole kahu kaʻa - hāʻawi ʻo ia i nā mea kaʻa a i ʻole nā ukana mai ka helu A a i ke kiko B. Ua loli ka inoa o ka ʻoihana, ua loli nā kūlana ʻenehana, akā ua mau ka hana. A i ʻole kekahi, ʻaneʻane pau i ka ʻoihana - kahi typist. E hele mākou i kekahi keʻena nui. I loko o ia, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā luna ʻokoʻa, aia ma ka liʻiliʻi he hoʻokahi kākau ʻōlelo, kikokiko ʻana i nā palapala ma ke kamepiula, ke ʻano o ka mea kikokiko pono hoʻokahi. ʻAe, aia kekahi hapa o lākou ma mua o ka keʻena mīkini i hoʻolaha ʻia i 50 mau makahiki i hala aku nei, a ke emi nei ka liʻiliʻi, akā aia nō naʻe he ʻumi tausani mau lunamakaʻāinana o kēia ʻano hana. Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, inā ʻaʻole ʻo ka typist kahi ʻoihana make make, no laila pehea e kāhea ʻia ai ka ʻoihana a kahi kākau ʻōlelo?
Ma ke keʻena kikokiko
Aia, heʻoiaʻiʻo, he laʻana like ʻole. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo nā ipukukui nā kānaka e hoʻomālamalama i nā kukui alanui. Me ka hōʻea ʻana o ka uila, ua hoʻololi mua ʻia lākou (i nā helu hoʻemi loa) e nā uila uila i hoʻā i nā kukui ma nā alanui holoʻokoʻa. I kēia mau lā, ʻaneʻane ma nā wahi āpau e hoʻopili nā kukui o ke alanui me nā mea uila. Pono wale kahi kanaka no ka kaohi a me ka hiki ke hoʻoponopono. Nā helu - nā limahana wahine i hana i nā helu makemakika nui - ua nalowale loa pū kekahi. Ua hoʻololi loa ʻia lākou e nā kamepiula.
ʻO ke koho ʻana aʻe o nā ʻike e pili ana i nā ʻoihana ʻelemakule e hoʻokumu ʻia i kahi kuikahi. E noʻonoʻo kākou i kahi ʻoihana i hala ʻole a i ʻole nalo paha, ʻo ka helu o nā lunamakaʻāinana, ka mea mua, ua hōʻemi ʻia e nā kauoha o ka nui, a ʻo ka lua, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻonui nui i ka wā e hiki mai ana. Inā ʻaʻole, ʻoiaʻiʻo, nā cataclysms honua e like me ka hālāwai me ka asteroid a i ʻole ke kaua honua i kū i ka wā e hiki mai ana. A laila e lilo ka poʻe i pakele i saddlers, chumaks, a me nā scrapers me nā potera.
1. Aia kahi ʻoihana barge haukers i ka ʻāina ma waena o ka Volga. Ke huki nei nā mea hoʻokele i ka muliwai Rashiva - liʻiliʻi, e kā mākou mau hae, nā moku ukana. Me ka lima māmā o ka Ilya Repin nui, nāna i pena ke kiʻi ʻo "Barge Haulers on the Volga", manaʻo mākou i ka hana o nā hae barge ma ke ʻano he hana nui weliweli a ka poʻe e hana ai inā ʻaʻohe manawa ʻē aʻe e loaʻa kālā ai. I ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he manaʻo wahaheʻe kēia mai kahi pena kālena. ʻO Vladimir Gilyarovsky, ka mea nāna i hāpai i ke kaula, he wehewehe maikaʻi no ka hana o ka poʻe ʻauamo. ʻAʻohe mea paʻakikī i ka hana, a no ka 19 kenekulia hoʻi. ʻAe, hana ʻaneʻane i nā hola o ke ao, akā i ke ea hou a me nā meaʻai maikaʻi - hāʻawi ʻia e ka mea nona nā waiwai i lawe ʻia, ka mea pono ʻole i nā hauka palaka nāwaliwali a pōloli hoʻi. Hana ka poʻe hana hale hana no 16 mau hola, a hiamoe ka 8 i koe i loko o nā hale hōʻikeʻike like kahi i hana ai. ʻO nā mea huki ʻauamo pailaka i nā kapa kapa - a ʻo wai i loko o ko lākou noʻonoʻo pono e hana i ka hoʻoikaika kino i nā lole maʻemaʻe hou? Hoʻohui pū ʻia nā haukeke i nā artel a alakaʻi i kahi ola kūʻokoʻa. ʻO Gilyarovsky, ma ke ala, ua komo wale i loko o ka artel no ka laki ʻole - i ka lā ma mua o ka make ʻana o kekahi o nā lālā artel no ka maʻi cholera, a ua lawe ʻia ʻo ʻAnakala Gilyai ma kona hakahaka. No kekahi kau - ma kahi o 6 - 7 mau mahina - hiki i ka poʻe kau moku ke hoʻopaneʻe i 10 rubles, kahi kālā kupaianaha no ka mahiʻai heluhelu ʻole. ʻO Burlakov, e like me kāu e koho ai, ua hoʻonele ʻia ka hana e nā mokuahi.
ʻO ke kiʻi like na Repin. I ka manawa i kākau ʻia ai, ua kakaikahi loa ka poʻe holo kai.
2. ʻAneʻane like me ka hoʻomaka o ke kanikau honua e make ana ke kanaka ma muli o ka nui o ka mana i ke kaiapuni a hana i nā ʻōpala he nui, ua nalowale nā mea ʻohiʻohi mai nā alanui o nā kūlanakauhale. 'O kēia ka poʻe i kūʻai mai a hoʻokaʻina i kahi mau' ano neoneo, mai nā kāmaʻa bast a hiki i ke aniani. I ke kenekulia 19, ua hoʻololi nā mea ʻohiʻohi i nā hōʻiliʻili ʻōpala kikowaena. Hele wāwae lākou a puni i nā pā, kūʻai aku i nā ʻōpala a kūʻai paha iā ia no kēlā me kēia mea liʻiliʻi. E like me nā kāhuna hoe, ʻaʻahu mau nā poʻe ʻohiʻohi i nā ʻāpana ʻahuʻula, a mai a lākou aku nō hoʻi, ma muli o nā kikoʻī o ka hana, hoʻopuka mau ʻia ka pilau e pili pono ana. Ma muli o kēia, ua manaʻo ʻia lākou ka lalo a me nā dregs o ke kaiāulu. I kēia manawa, loaʻa ma ka liʻiliʻi he 10 rubles i ka mahina. ʻO ka penihana hoʻokahi - 120 rubles i hoʻokahi makahiki - i loaʻa i ka makuahine o Raskolnikov mai ka hewa a me ka hoʻopaʻi. Loaʻa nā mea ʻohi ʻūlū ʻike nui i nā mea hou aku. Akā, ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻolapalapa nā mea kūʻai aku i ka kirimalu. Ua koʻikoʻi loa ka huakaʻi o ka ʻoihana i hāʻawi ʻia ka ʻōpala ma lalo o nā ʻaelike i hoʻopau ʻia ma ka Nizhny Novgorod Fair, a ua manaʻo ʻia ke kaupaona o nā lako i nā kaukani poods he ʻumi. Ua luku ʻia ʻo tryapichnikov e ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻoihana, kahi e koi ai i nā mea maka kiʻekiʻe, a me ka hana nui, kahi i ʻoi aku ai ka maikaʻi o nā waiwai a me nā ʻōpala. Hōʻiliʻili a ʻōpala ka ʻōpala i kēia manawa, akā ʻaʻohe mea e hele pololei mai i kou home.
ʻO ka mea koho Rag me kāna kaʻa
3. Ua kapa ʻia ʻelua mau ʻoihana ma Lūkia ka huaʻōlelo "kryuchnik". Ua hoʻohana ʻia kēia huaʻōlelo e kapa aku i ka poʻe nāna e hoʻokaʻawale i nā ʻōpala i kūʻai ʻia i ka nui me kahi lou (ʻo ia hoʻi, nā ʻāpana o nā mea ʻohiʻohi) a he ʻano mea hoʻouka kūikawā hoʻi ma ka moku ʻo Volga. Ua hana kēia mau mea hoʻoili i ka lawe ʻana i nā huahana ma ka moku Volga. ʻO ka hana nui loa o nā kryuchniks ma Rybinsk, kahi i ʻoi aku ma mua o 3,000 o lākou. Ua hana ʻo Kryuchniks me he mea kōkua me ka hoʻolauna kūloko. Hāʻawi kekahi i ka ukana mai ka paʻa ma luna o ka papa, ʻo nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ke kōkua o kahi lou a me nā hoa hui, hoʻolei i ka ʻeke ma hope o ko lākou kua a halihali iā lākou i kahi moku ʻē aʻe, kahi kahi kanaka kūikawā - ua kapa ʻia ʻo ia ʻo "batyr" - kuhikuhi ʻia kahi e hemo ai ka ʻeke. I ka pau ʻana o ka hoʻouka ʻana, ʻaʻole ka mea nona ka ukana i uku i nā lou, akā na ka poʻe ʻaelike i monopolize i ka hoʻolimalima ʻana o nā loaders. Maʻalahi, akā hana nui ka hana i lawe i nā kryuchniks a i 5 rubles i ka lā. ʻO ia mau loaʻa kālā i lilo ai lākou i elite o ka hana uku. ʻO ka ʻoihana o nā lou, ʻōlelo pololei, ʻaʻole i nalowale i kekahi wahi - ua lilo lākou i poʻe hana pae. ʻOiai, ʻoiaʻiʻo, mīkini ʻia ka hana o ka hope a ʻaʻole pili pū ʻia me ka hoʻoikaika kino koʻikoʻi.
ʻO Artel o kryuchnikov no ka hana atypical - ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻouka ʻana i nā ʻeke mai kahi moku pololei i kahi moku ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i kahakai
4. ʻEkolu mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ʻo kekahi o nā ʻoihana i makemake nui ʻia a mahalo ʻia hoʻi ma ka hema o Lūkia ʻo ia ka ʻoihana Chumak. ʻO ka lawe ʻana i nā ukana, ka paʻakai, ka palaoa a me ka lāʻau, e nā ala hele mai ke kūkulu ʻākau a ka hema a hoʻi, ʻaʻole wale i loaʻa kahi kālā paʻa. ʻAʻole lawa ia no Chumak e lilo i mea kālepa waiwai. I nā kenekulia XVI - XVIII, he ʻāina hihiu ka ʻāina ʻo Black Sea. Ua hoʻāʻo lākou e ʻaihue i ka huakaʻi kālepa nā poʻe āpau i ʻike i kēia kaʻa kaʻa. ʻAʻole kuleana ka lāhui a hoʻomana paha. ʻO nā ʻenemi mau loa o ka Basurman, ka Crimean Tatars, a me nā Cossacks-Haidamaks, ka mea i ʻaʻa i ke keʻa, i hoʻāʻo hoʻi e loaʻa kālā. No laila, he koa kekahi chumak, hiki ke pale aku i kāna kaʻa kaʻa mai ka ʻaihue i kahi hui liʻiliʻi. Ua lawe ʻo Chumak caravans i mau miliona o ka poods o ka ukana. Ua lilo lākou i hiʻohiʻona o Little Russia a me ka ʻĀina ʻEleʻele ma muli o nā bipi. ʻO nā mea nui o kēia mau holoholona ka mana a me ke ahonui. Hele mālie ʻo Oxen - lohi ma mua o ka mea hele wāwae - akā hiki ke hāpai i nā ukana nui loa ma kahi mamao. ʻO kahi laʻana, lawe manuahi ʻia nā paʻa bipi i hoʻokahi a me ka hapalua o nā paʻakai. Inā hiki iā ia ke hana i ʻekolu huakaʻi i ke kau, ua loaʻa maikaʻi loa ka Chumak. ʻOiai ʻo Chumaks ʻilihuna, nona nā kime 5-10, ʻoi aku ka waiwai ma mua o ko lākou mau hoanoho mahiʻai. ʻO ke anaina o ka ʻoihana Chumak i ke kenekulia 19 i ana ʻia i nā haneli he haneli o nā pood. ʻOiai me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā ala kaʻaahi, ʻaʻole ia i nalo koke, e hoʻokani nui ana i kēia manawa i nā kaʻa kūloko.
Ua hālāwai ka caravan Chumak e nā kāne āpau o ke kauhale, a ke peʻe nei nā wahine - he hōʻailona maikaʻi ʻole no nā Chumaks.
5. Ma ke kauoha a Peter I o Malaki 2, 1711, ua kauoha ʻia ka Senate e "kau i ke kālā i nā mea āpau." Ma hope o 3 mau lā hou, hana ka tsar i ka hana iʻoi aku ka paʻa: pono e hana, i nā ʻōlelo o kēia ao, kahi ʻōnaehana kū i ka kaohi o ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kālā i ka waihona a me kā lākou hoʻolilo kālā. E hana ʻia kēia e ke kūlanakauhale a me nā panalāʻau panalāʻau, kahi e kū ai ka luna kālā. Loaʻa i nā kauā kīwila ka mana ākea. ʻAʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻi koke i ka mea ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi: ke loaʻa ʻana i ka hapalua o ka nui e hoʻihoʻi ʻia ka waihona kālā i ka waihona, a i ʻole ka palekana āpau inā kūhewa hewa. Maopopo ia me ka hemahema o nā limahana paʻa mau o Peter I, ka poʻe o, e waiho mālie ai, i loko o ka ʻāpana kālā i loaʻa nā ʻano kānalua. I ka wā mua, nā hana a nā iʻa i hiki ai ke hoʻopiha hou i ka waihona a hoʻoulu hou i nā embezzlers kūlana kiʻekiʻe. Eia naʻe, ua hoʻomaka koke nā lawaiʻa, nā mea i ʻono i ke koko, e hoʻopiʻi i nā mea āpau a me nā mea āpau, e loaʻa ana ka inaina o ke ao holoʻokoʻa. Ua kaupalena ʻia ko lākou mana, ua hoʻopau ʻia ka pale ʻana, a i ka makahiki 1730 ua hoʻopau loa ʻo Empress Anna Ioannovna i ka ʻoihana kālā. No laila, he 19 mau makahiki ka lōʻihi o ka ʻoihana.
6. Inā manaʻo ʻia ka kāula ʻo Mose ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i kāu ʻoihana, mahalo nui ʻia kāu mau hoa hana i waena o nā Iudaio a uku ʻole ʻauhau ma ʻAigupita Kahiko, a laila ke hana nei ʻoe ma ke ʻano he kākau ʻōlelo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻohe o nā manawa o kēia. Hiki ke kapa ʻia ka ʻoihana a ka mea kākau me ka mea ʻole me ka pololei loa. ʻOiaʻiʻo, makemake ʻia ka poʻe me ke kākau lima maikaʻi i kekahi manawa. ʻO kahi kono a palapala kāleka aloha paha i kākau ʻia i ke kākau lima calligraphic ke nānā aku ma mua o kahi hoʻolālā paʻi. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻohe hiki ke loaʻa kahi kanaka i ka honua civila nāna e loaʻa kona ola ma o ka kākau lima ʻana. I kēia manawa, ua ʻike ʻia ka ʻoihana a kahi kākau kākau i ka wā kahiko, a ua ʻoliʻoli mau nā lunamakaʻāinana i ka mahalo a me nā pono. Ma ʻEulopa i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1 a. e ua hoʻomaka ʻo scriptoria e ʻike ʻia - nā prototypes o nā hale paʻi hou, kahi i kope ʻia e nā lima e ka kākau hou ʻana. ʻO ka hahau koʻikoʻi mua i ka ʻoihana a ka mea kākau moʻolelo i lawelawe ʻia me ka typography, a ʻo ka hopena ua hoʻopau ʻia e ka mea i haku ʻia e ka typewriter. ʻAʻole pono e huikau nā mea kākau ʻōlelo me nā kākau ʻōlelo. Ma nā ʻāpana Cossack i ka Lūkini Aupuni, aia ka pou o kahi kākau ʻōlelo pūʻali koa, akā he kūlana koʻikoʻi kēia, a ʻo ka mea nāna ia i hoʻopaʻa, ʻaʻole ia i kākau i nā pepa kūhelu nona iho. Aia kekahi mau kākau ʻōlelo kīwila ma Lūkia. ʻO ka mea nāna i hana i kēia kūlana ke kiaʻi o ke kahe palapala i ke ʻano like o ka hoʻokele teritori.
7. Ma hope o ka inu ʻana i ke aniani mua o vodka i loko o ke keʻena o kahi ʻenekini ma Moscow, ʻo Tsar Ivan Vasilyevich ka weliweli mai ka pāʻani a Mikhail Bulgakov a i ʻole ke kiʻi ʻoniʻoni ʻo "ʻIvana Vasilyevich Hoʻololi i kāna ʻOihana", nīnau aku i ka mea ʻona inā ua hana ka wahine hale iā vodka. Ma muli o kēia nīnau, manaʻo paha kekahi he mea inu ʻona ka hana loea a nā kahu hale a mea hale paha. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia ka hihia. Mālama kī a mea mālama kī paha - ʻo ka inoa o ka ʻoihana mai ka huaʻōlelo "kī", no ka mea ua mālama lākou i nā kī i nā lumi āpau i loko o ka hale - he mea nui kēia i waena o nā kauā i ka hale a waiwai paha. ʻO ka ʻohana o ka mea ʻona wale nō ka makahiki ma mua o ka mea hale. ʻO ka luna hale wale nō ke kuleana o ka papa ʻaina a me nā mea inu. Ma lalo o ke alakaʻi a ka mea mālama kī, ua kūʻai ʻia nā mea kūʻai mai a hāʻawi ʻia, hoʻomākaukau ʻia ka meaʻai a lawelawe ʻia ma ka papa. ʻO nā meaʻai a me nā mea inu i hoʻomākaukau ʻia e like me ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO ka nīnau "Ua hana ka luna hale iā vodka?" ʻaʻohe hiki ke nīnau i ka mōʻī. Ma ke ʻano he koho, ʻoluʻolu ʻole i ka ʻono o vodka, hiki iā ia ke wehewehe, ʻōlelo lākou, ʻo ka mea hale paha ia, ʻaʻole ʻo haʻi. Ma ka liʻiliʻi ma ka home, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma kahi pāʻina - ʻaʻole i hele ʻo ʻIvan Vasilyevich e kipa i nā makaʻāinana - ma ka paʻamau ua lawelawe lākou i ka vodka i hana ʻia e ka mea hale. Ma kahi o ke kenekulia 17, ua hoʻomaka nā mea mālama kī e nalo mai nā hale o nā aliʻi. Ua hoʻomaka ka ʻāpana wahine o ka ʻohana o ka mea ʻona e hana i ka hana nui i ka mālama ʻana i ka hale. A ʻo kahi o ka mea mālama hale i lawe ʻia e ka mea lawe kīʻaha a i ʻole ka mea mālama hale.
"Ua hana ka luna hale iā vodka?"
8. ʻO nā lālani ʻelua mai ke aloha i ʻike nui ʻia “Coachman, mai hoʻokele lio. ʻAʻohe aʻu wahi ʻē aʻe e wikiwiki ai ”e hōʻike kahaha ana i ke ʻano o ka ʻoihana o ke kahu - hāpai ʻo ia i nā poʻe ma luna o ka lio, a no kēia poʻe i kahi kūlana haʻahaʻa. Hoʻomaka ia me ka alualu - kahi kuleana mokuʻāina kūikawā i ke ʻano. ʻO ke kumu o ka alualu ke nānā aku e like me kēia. Ua hele mai kekahi aliʻi mākaʻi a i ʻole kahi kūlana ʻē aʻe i ke kauhale a ʻōlelo akula: “Eia ʻoe, ʻo ʻoe, a me kēlā ʻelua ma laila. I ka hōʻea ʻana mai o nā leka a me nā mea kaʻa mai Neplyuevka kokoke mai, pono ʻoe e lawe iā lākou ma luna o kāu mau lio i Zaplyuevka. Ua manuahi! " Ua akaka me ke ʻano o ka hoihoi a ka poʻe mahiʻai i hana ai i kēia kuleana. Ua nalowale nā leka e nā poʻe kaʻa a i ʻole e luliluli ana i nā kaʻa no nā lā, a i ʻole i hāʻule i ka wā o ka holo māmā. I ke kenekulia 18, ua hoʻomaka lākou e hoʻihoʻi i ka hoʻonohonoho, ke koho ʻana i nā mea hoʻokele i kahi papa kūikawā. He ʻāina ko lākou no ka mahi ʻana, a uku ʻia lākou no ka lawe ʻana i nā leka a me nā mea holo. Noho ka poʻe aʻoaʻo i nā wahi kaona holoʻokoʻa, no laila kahi nui o nā alanui Tverskiye-Yamskaya ma Moscow, no ka laʻana. Ma nā huakaʻi lōʻihi, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā lio ma nā wahi kia. ʻAʻole kūlike nā huaʻōlelo theoretical no ka nui o nā lio ma ke kahua i ka pono maoli o nā lio. No laila nā hoʻopiʻi hoʻopiʻi ʻole ʻaʻohe lio i nā puke Lūkia. ʻAʻole paha i maopopo i nā mea kākau ma hope o ka uku ʻana i ka ʻauhau maʻamau - 40 kopecks no ka mea kalaiwa a no kēlā me kēia lio a me 80 kopecks no ka mea mālama kahua - ua loaʻa koke nā lio. Loaʻa i nā mea kalaiwa kekahi mau maalea ʻē aʻe, no ka mea, pili ka uku i ke ala, a i ka nui o nā mea kaʻa i hele aku ma luna o ia mea, a ehia mau leka i lawe ʻia, a pēlā aku. Pono, e hoʻokipa i nā poʻe kaʻa me nā mele, no ka mea pili i ka uku. Ma ka hapanui, kahi mea e like me nā kalaiwa kaʻa o ka hopena o nā manawa Soviet - lawe lākou iā lākou no kahi denari, akā loaʻa kālā maikaʻi loa lākou. ʻO ka wikiwiki o ka halihali (maʻamau) he 8 mau mākaukau no kēlā me kēia hola i ka puna a me ke kau a 10 mau mākaukau no kēlā me kēia hola i ke kauwela a me ka hoʻoilo. Ma ka awelika, i ke kauwela, kalaiwa lākou he 100 a ʻoi aku paha o mākaukau, i ka hoʻoilo, hiki i nā mākaukau he 200 ke huakaʻi ma luna o nā sledges. Hoʻoemi ʻia nā kumu aʻoaʻo i ka hapalua ʻelua o ke kenekulia 19, me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ke kamaʻilio kaʻaahi. Hana lākou i nā wahi mamao i ka hoʻomaka o ke kenekulia 20.
9. A hiki i ka 1897, ʻaʻohe manaʻo o ka huaʻōlelo "kamepiula" i kahi kamepiula uila, akā he kanaka. I ke kenekulia 17, ua ala ka pono no nā helu pākuʻi makemakika volumetric paʻakikī. ʻO kekahi o lākou i hala he mau pule. ʻAʻole ʻike ʻia ka mea mua i manaʻo e hoʻokaʻawale i kēia mau helu i nā ʻāpana a hāʻawi iā lākou i nā poʻe like ʻole, akā i ka hapa ʻelua o ke kenekulia 18, ua hana kēia i nā mea kilo i kēlā me kēia lā. Ma ka liʻuliʻu ua akāka ka hana ʻia ʻana o ka hana o ka calculator e nā wahine. Eia hou, ua uku ʻia ka hana wahine ma nā manawa āpau ma mua o ka hana kāne. Hoʻomaka ka hōʻike ʻana i nā bureaus, nona nā limahana e hiki ke hoʻolimalima ʻia e hana i hoʻokahi manawa. Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka hana o ka calculator ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hoʻolālā i kahi pōpoki atomika a hoʻomākaukau i nā huakaʻi mokulele. A ʻeono mau helu helu e hoʻomanaʻo hou i ka inoa. Ua kanu ʻo Fran Bilas, Kay McNulty, Marilyn Weskoff, Betty Jean Jennings, Betty Snyder lāua ʻo Ruth Lichterman i ka ʻoihana calculator me ko lāua mau lima iho. Ua komo lākou i ka hoʻolālā ʻana i ka analogue mua o nā kamepiula o kēia manawa - ka mīkini ʻAmelika ENIAC. Me ka hōʻea ʻana mai o ke kamepiula ua nalowale nā calculator ma ke ʻano he papa.
10. ʻAʻole nā lunamakaʻāinana o ke kaiāulu ʻaihue i hoʻonohonoho mua ʻia e "hoʻopilikia me ka lauoho lauoho". Ua kamaʻilio ʻia ka "fen" e kekahi hui kūikawā o nā mea kālepa auwana i ka hana ʻana a me nā mea ʻoihana ʻē aʻe, i kapa ʻia ʻo "offen". ʻAʻohe mea i ʻike a ʻaʻole naʻe ʻike i kahi a lākou i hele mai ai.Manaʻo kekahi iā lākou he poʻe noho Helene, kekahi - buffoons mua, nona nā ʻāpana (a he mau kakini lākou) i hoʻopuehu ʻia i ka makahiki 17th me ka nui o ka paʻakikī. Ua kū ʻo Ofeni i ka huli ʻana o nā kenekulia 18 - 19. Ua ʻokoʻa lākou mai ka poʻe kālepa maʻamau i ko lākou piʻi ʻana i nā kauhale mamao loa a ʻōlelo i kā lākou ʻōlelo kūʻokoʻa. ʻO ia ka ʻōlelo ka hiʻona a me ka hiʻona o ka ʻoihana. Ma ka grammaticatic, ua like ʻo ia me nā Lūkini, nui wale nā aʻa i hōʻaiʻē ʻia, no laila ʻaʻole hiki i kahi kanaka hoʻomākaukau ʻole ke hoʻomaopopo i ka ʻōlelo. ʻO kekahi ʻokoʻa ʻokoʻa ka kūʻai nui ʻana aku o nā puke, i kākaʻikahi ʻia ma nā kauhale a me nā kaona i mamao loa mai nā kūlanakauhale. Ua nalowale ka Ofeni mai ke kaiāulu e like me ka hikiwawe o ko lākou kū ʻana i loko. ʻO ka mea nui paha, ua lilo kā lākou kālepa i mea pono ʻole ma muli o ka stratification a ka poʻe mahiʻai ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka serfdom. Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe mahiʻai waiwai e wehe i nā hale kūʻai kālepa i ko lākou mau kauhale, a ua nalowale ka pono o nā wahine.
