ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻoiaʻiʻo o ka metro mua e 160 mau makahiki, ʻaʻole hiki i nā loea a me nā mea mahalo nui ke hāʻawi i kahi wehewehe kikoʻī o kēia ʻano halihali. ʻAe ka poʻe āpau ʻo ka metro ke kaʻa ma waho o ke alanui, ʻoiai e nakinaki mau ʻia ia i kekahi ala a i ʻole i ka ʻōnaehana o ke kamaʻilio honua. Pēlā nō, hiki iā ʻoe ke nīnau i kekahi o nā wehewehe ʻana e wehewehe ana i ka metro. "Ka lawe ʻana i lalo o ka honua"? I nā kūlanakauhale he nui, ʻoi aku ka lōʻihi o ka ʻāpana o ka metro ma mua o ka honua. "Uila"? Akā a laila ʻaʻole pono e helu i ka mōʻaukala o ka metro mai ka hoʻomaka o ka metro "locomotive" i ka makahiki 1863. ʻO nā wehewehe wale nō i hiki ʻole ke hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻia he "kūlanakauhale" a "rail".
Eia nō naʻe, me ka ʻokoʻa o ka huaʻōlelo, lawe nā kaʻaahi subway i mau haneli miliona o ka poʻe i kēlā me kēia lā i nā kūlanakauhale a puni ka honua. ʻO ka Metropolitan ʻokoʻa (ka huaʻōlelo "huki ʻia mai ka hui Palani" metropolitan railway ") i manaʻo ʻia he ʻano hoʻohui o kahi kūlanakauhale nui. ʻO ka metro ʻo Paris ka mea i kūpono loa ma ka ʻōlelo o ka neʻe ʻana a puni ke kūlanakauhale. He kakaikahi loa nā keena ʻo Stockholm metro i kāhiko nani ʻia. Ua wehe ʻo Pyongyang ke kapena nui o Kōlea i kona hohonu (nui nā kikowaena ma kahi hohonu o 100m) no nā haole i nā makahiki i hala. ʻO ka metro ʻoi loa o ka honua e hana nei ma Munich, Kelemānia.
ʻO Lūkia kekahi lālā o kēia hui elite. ʻO ka Metro Moscow kekahi o nā palena ʻāina nui a kaulana loa o ko Lūkia kapikala. Kuhi ʻia ka metro o St. Petersburg i ka hohonu o ka mamao o nā kikowaena mai ka pae kai.
1. Ke wehewehe nei i ka pono e kūkulu i kahi subway ma Moscow, hiki iā ʻoe ke ʻōlelo i nā kaha nui he nui mai nā puke. Ua lele aku nā meʻe moʻokalaleo ma ke keʻehi o ke kaʻaahi no ka makemake i ka lokomaikaʻi - ʻaʻole hiki ke piʻi i ke kaʻa kaʻa. Aia kahi haki weliweli i loko, e ʻimi ana nā pickpockets, ua ala nā hakakā a me nā hakakā. Akā ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o nā helu ma mua o ka peni a kahi mea kākau. I 1935, ua lawe nā kaʻa kaʻaahi o Moscow ma mua o 2 biliona mau ohua i hoʻopaʻa inoa ʻia. Hoʻopili wale kēia kiʻi i ka poʻe i kūʻai i kahi likiki mai kahi alakaʻi a hoʻohana paha i kahi pass. I kēia kiʻi, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻohui palekana ma ka liʻiliʻi o ka hapahā - a ua lawa nā "manu me hoʻokahi pōhaku", a i kekahi manawa ʻaʻole hiki i nā alakaʻi ke lele kino a puni nā mea holo kaʻa. No laila ʻo ka metro Moscow hou, me kāna mau kikowaena 237 a me nā kaʻa ākea wikiwiki, i lawe i nā mea like he 2.5 biliona i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma ka awelika i nā makahiki he 15 i hala iho nei, me nā hoʻololi iki i kekahi ala a i ʻole.
2. ʻO nā hoʻolālā mua e waiho ma ka liʻiliʻi o nā laina tram i waenakonu o Moscow ma lalo o ka honua i ka hopena o ka 19 kenekulia. Hōʻike ka hopena iā ia iho mai ke kūlana o kēia manawa me ka halihali i ke kūlanakauhale, a mai ka ʻike honua. ʻO ka pilikia nui ka nele o ke kahua kaʻaahi kikowaena ma Moscow. Ua hele mai nā kaʻaahi i nā wahi make. No ka hoʻololi ʻana, pono e neʻe nā mea kaʻa i kahi kikowaena ʻē aʻe ma ke kaʻaahi a kaʻaahi paha. ʻAʻole i hoʻohui kēia i ka wikiwiki a me ka hōʻoluʻolu i nā halihali kaona. Ma Berlin, kū ka pilikia o nā luna o ke kūlanakauhale i kahi pilikia like. I nā 1870 mua, ua hoʻoholo ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā kikowaena me nā laina kaʻa pololei. I Moscow, ka manaʻo e kāpae i ke kūlanakauhale o ke kaʻa i kēia ala i oʻo wale ʻia e 1897. A laila ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua mau papahana i ka manawa hoʻokahi. Ua manaʻo ka Ryazan-Uralskaya Railway Society e kūkulu i kahi alaloa ʻelua ma Moscow, kahi e hoʻopili ai i kahi ʻāpana diametrical o ka honua e hele ana ma waena. ʻO kahi papahana like, akā me nā laina radial, ua noi ʻokoʻa ʻia e nā ʻenekini A. Antonovich a me E. Nolteyn. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo "metro" e pili ana i ke alahao uila lalo i hoʻohana mua ʻia i ka makahiki 1901 e K. Trubnikov a me K. Gutsevich. ʻO kā lākou papahana ma ke alahele i hana hou i ka laina Circle, i kūkulu ʻia i nā makahiki ma hope o ke kaua. Eia naʻe, ua hōʻole ʻia nā papahana āpau. ʻO ka mea nui ka leo o ka hale pule. I ka makahiki 1903, ua kākau ʻo Metropolitan Sergius o Moscow i ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ke kanaka i ka hohonu o ka honua a me ka moeʻuhane lawehala.
3. Ua hana nui ʻo Veniamin Makovsky i ke kūkulu ʻana i ka metro Moscow. ʻO ka ʻenekini 27 makahiki, ʻaʻohe ona regalia, ma 1932 i ʻōlelo wiwo ʻole wale aku ai e kūʻē i nā ʻenekini a me nā ʻepekema hoʻi i hana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka metro ʻo Moscow. Ua noi ʻo Makovsky e kūkulu i kahi metro hohonu hohonu, ʻoiai ʻo nā loea o ke kula kahiko a me nā haole i kūkākūkā ai i ʻelua mau ʻano like: ke kūkulu ʻana i ka laina o nā laina i nā ʻauwaha a me nā laina pāpaʻu. Ua hōʻoia ʻia nā ʻano ʻelua e komo i loko o Moscow i ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kaʻa - pono e ʻeli i nā aʻa lawe nui nui. I kēia manawa, i ka lā 6 o Ianuali, 1931, ua kū paʻa ʻo Moscow me ka ʻole o ka ālai ʻana i nā kaʻa - no ka nui o nā kaʻaahi, ʻaʻole hiki i nā kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa i ka laina, ʻaʻole holo nā kaʻa pahi. Akā ʻo kēia hiʻohiʻona ʻaʻole i hoʻohaʻahaʻa i nā loea hanohano mai ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kumumanaʻo i ka honua lawehala. Ua hele ʻo Makovsky i ke kākau ʻōlelo mua o ke kōmike kūlanakauhale o ka CPSU (b) ʻo Lazar Kaganovich. Kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka ʻenekini ʻōpio, akā ʻaʻole naʻe kēia i hōʻike i nā loea. Ua hoʻopuka ʻo Makovsky i kahi ʻatikala ma Pravda - makehewa. ʻO kā JV Stalin mau ʻōlelo aʻo pilikino e noʻonoʻo ai i ka papahana hohonu i hoʻoneʻe i ka hihia. ʻO kā Makovsky lanakila? He mea ʻole pehea ia. He kanaka akahai ʻo Veniamin Lvovich, a ua kipaku koke ʻia ʻo ia i ka lehulehu. Loaʻa iā ia ʻelua mau kauoha i loko o nā makahiki o ka hoʻolālā ʻelima mau makahiki, ʻo ia, ʻoiai ka ua lokomaikaʻi o nā makana i hāʻule ma luna o nā mea kūkulu metro, ʻaʻole i loaʻa iā ia kahi kauoha a mekala hoʻi a hiki i ka hopena o kona ola. No ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana i ka pale tunneling, ua loaʻa iā ia ka Stalin Prize, akā ʻo ka kekelē ʻelua a ʻo 1947 wale nō.
4. He leʻaleʻa pipiʻi ka Metro. I ka manawa like, ʻike maka ʻole ʻia ke kumukūʻai nui i ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi - ke holo nei ke kaʻaahi i loko o ke ana, ma nā paia e ʻike wale ai ʻoe i nā pūʻolo kaula. ʻOi aku ke kumu kūʻai o nā keʻena hoʻonaninani. ʻO nā wahi hoʻonaninani o nā pae mua o ka metro Moscow ua hoʻonāukiuki i nā manaʻo i waena o Muscovites. I loko o nā hōʻike o ka NKVD, aia kahi kamaʻilio e pili ana i ka poʻe e ʻākoakoa nei i nā keʻena kaiāulu a me nā lumi i lalo, ʻaʻohe lawa o nā kula a me nā kula kamaliʻi, a ma aneʻi ua hoʻolei ʻia kēlā ʻano kālā i ka pau ʻana o nā kikowaena. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he pipiʻi loa ke kāhiko ʻana o nā kahua - i ka makahiki 1930, ua aʻo mua nā mea pena kiʻi a me nā mea kākau hale o ka USSR i ka ʻono o nā uku maikaʻi, a ʻo ke kinikini, ka pōhaku a me nā gilding ʻaʻole i waena o nā mea hoʻopau haʻahaʻa. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ke kumukūʻai no ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā kikowaena a me nā lobbies, e like me ka palena haʻahaʻa, i 6% o nā koina āpau no ke kūkulu ʻana i ka pae mua o ka metro. Eia hou, ua lilo kēia helu i mea liʻiliʻi ma muli o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā kaʻina hana a me ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa holomua o nā limahana.
5. Ua ʻike mua ʻia nā hoʻolālā e kūkulu i ke alahao uila ma St. Petersburg ma mua o Moscow. ʻO ke kūlana kapikala o ke kūlanakauhale ma ka Lūkini Lūkini, ka paʻakikī o ka loiloi i ke kūlanakauhale me ka nui o nā kahawai a me nā kahawai, a me ka "westernness" nui o Northern Palmyra i hoʻohuli ʻia hoʻi. Ma St. Petersburg he nui aku nā haole me nā ʻike ākea e pili ana i ka halihali, a me nā kānaka aʻo Lūkini. I ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke kenekulia 19, ua loaʻa i ka Emepela Alexander I mau mau manaʻo e kūkulu i ke alanui kaʻaahi ma ke kapitala. Hōʻike pinepine ʻia nā papahana, akā ʻaʻohe o ka hapanui o ka hana ʻenekema haʻahaʻa. Ua hilinaʻi nui nā mea kākau i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ua loaʻa iā Ladana a me Paris kahi metro, a ʻaʻole hoʻi ʻo St. A laila ua wehe ʻia nā kipi, ua neʻe ke kapena i Moscow. ʻO ka manaʻo e kūkulu i kahi metro i kēia manawa ʻo Leningrad i hoʻihoʻi ʻia i 1940 wale nō, i hoʻokahi makahiki a ʻoi paha ma mua o ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke Kaua Nui Patriotic a me ka palaka. Hoʻomau hou ka hoʻolālā a me ke kūkulu ʻana ma 1947 wale nō, a ma Nowemapa 15, 1955, ua hoʻomaka ka pae mua o ka metro Leningrad ma ke ʻano he lawelawe maʻamau.
6. E like me nā ʻākoakoa nui ʻē aʻe o ka poʻe, he pahu hopu maikaʻi ka papa honua no ka poʻe hoʻoweliweli. I ka wā o kahi hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli, ʻo ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka metro mai ka ʻili o ka honua a me nā pilikia i kū ʻia e nā kauka a me nā mea hoʻopakele i ka wā e hāʻawi ana i nā kōkua mua i ka poʻe pōpilikia e hana no nā mea hoʻouka. Ma waena o 1883 a me 1976, ka pahuhopu hoʻokahi wale nō o nā hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli ka London Underground. Ua manaʻo ʻia i loko o nā makahiki he nui i ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli (aia he 10 o lākou) ua make he 7 mau kānaka a ma kahi o 150 i hōʻeha ʻia, a ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea i hōʻeha ʻia i hōʻeha ʻia i nā stampedes. I ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻomake ʻia nā pahū i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e nā lāhui ʻōiwi o Armenia i 7 mau kānaka ma ka metro ʻo Moscow a ua hōʻeha ʻia he 37 hou aku. Akā ua lilo ʻo 1994 i palena palena. ʻElua mau pahū ma ke alapiʻi o ke kapikala ʻo Azerbaijan Baku i lawe mai i kahi hōʻiliʻili koko he 27 i make a ma kahi o 100 i hōʻeha ʻia. Mai ia manawa, eia naʻe, ua lilo nā hoʻouka o lalo i mea maʻamau. Hoʻomaopopo ʻia kekahi o ke koko o lākou, a ʻano ʻē paha, e like me ka hoʻouka kaua hoʻoweliweli ma ke alaloa o Tokyo e hoʻohana ana i ka sarin gas ʻona. I ka makahiki 1995, ka pīpī ʻana i ka sarin ma o ka ʻōnaehana hoʻokomo ea o ka metro ma ke kapikala Kepani i luku ʻia he 13 a ʻoi aku ka make ma mua o 6,000 poʻe.
7. ʻAʻole hoʻoweliweli wale ʻia nā ohua Metro i nā hoʻouka hoʻoweliweli. ʻO ka lole pono pono, lawa ʻole ka pono a i ʻole huikau o nā limahana, a ʻo ka weliweli wale nō ke alakaʻi i kahi ulia pōpilikia. I ka makahiki 1996, ʻaneʻane 300 mau kānaka i make i ke ahi ma ka metro Baku. ʻO ka hapa nui o lākou i make ʻia e ka carbon monoxide a me nā huahana puhi ahi ʻē aʻe. Ua ʻike ka mea kalaiwa i kahi ahi ma ke kau ma waena o nā kikowaena ʻelua a ʻaʻole ʻo ia i noʻonoʻo i kahi mea i ʻoi aku ma mua o ka hoʻokū ʻana i ke kaʻaahi i kahi alapiʻi liʻiliʻi. Hoʻopili ke kīkihi i ke ahi, puhi ke ahi i loko o nā kaʻa. Hoʻomaka ka poʻe e waiho i nā kaʻa me ka weliweli ma o nā puka aniani, e hopu ana i nā kaula uila e holo ana ma nā paia, a ʻo ka mea i alakaʻi i ka make o kekahi mau poʻe. I ka metro Moscow, ua kū ka pōʻino nui loa ma 2014 i ka wā i hoʻopaʻa ai nā limahana i ka pua me ka uea o 3 mm. ʻAʻole hiki iā ia ke hāpai i ka ukana, a ʻo nā kaʻa mua o ke kaʻaahi i hāʻule i ka paia me ka wikiwiki. Ua make nā kānaka 24. Ma Ladana i 1987, he ahi i hoʻokumu ʻia e kahi uahi paka i hoʻolei ʻia i loko o kahi kaʻa i make 31 poʻe. Ua make pū kekahi poʻe o ka metro Paris ma muli o ka puhipaka. I ka 1903, ua puhi ke kaʻa hope loa o ke kaʻaahi i ke ahi ma waena o nā kahua. ʻAʻole ia i lawaiʻa ʻia, akā ma muli o nā pilikia kamaʻilio a me ka weliweli o nā limahana o ke keʻena, ua hoʻokuʻi ka mea hoʻokele o ke kaʻaahi aʻe i kahi kaʻa uahi ʻole. Ma ka hopena o ka hanana pālua, ua make he 84 mau kānaka.
8. ʻO nā wahi ʻekolu i ke kūlana kiʻekiʻe o nā mea nona nā alaloa lōʻihi loa i ka honua e noho ʻia e nā kūlanakauhale Kina o Beijing (691 km), Shanghai (676 km) a me Guangzhou (475 km). ʻO ka metro Moscow kahi ʻelima, me ka lōʻihi o 397 km iki ma hope o ka London metro. Ke hoʻoholo nei i ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka metro Moscow ma nā makahiki i hala iho nei, e haʻalele koke ʻia ʻo Lākana. Kū ʻo Petersburg metro 40th i ka honua e pili ana i ka lōʻihi o ka laina. Ke holo nei ka metro pōkole loa ma ka honua ma Lausanne, Switzerland (4.1 km). ʻO nā kikowaena metro ʻelima pū kekahi me Gujarat (India), Maracaibo (Venezuela), Dnepr (ʻUkelena) a me Genoa (ʻItalia).
9. E pili ana i ka helu o nā kikowaena, ʻo ke alakaʻi i hoʻopaʻapaʻa ʻole ʻia ka subway o Nu Ioka - 472 kū. ʻO 2 - 3 mau wahi e noho ʻia e nā subway Shanghai a me Beijing, ma mua o Paris a me Seoul. Aia ka metro ʻo Moscow ma kahi 11th me nā kikowaena 232. Lawe ʻo St. Petersburg Metro i kahi kūlana 55 me 72 mau kikowaena. ʻO ka metro ʻo Los Tekes ma ke kapikala ʻo Venezuelan ʻo Caracas he 5 mau kikowaena wale nō, ʻo nā metro ma Gujarat, Maracaibo a me ka Dnieper kahi kahua hou aʻe.
10. Hoʻomaka ka hana o nā mika ʻelima a pau o ka honua i ka 19 kenekulia. Hoʻomaka ka hana mua o ke kaʻaahi honua i Lādana ma 1863. ʻOiai, ʻaʻohe kamaʻilio e pili ana i kekahi uila - huki ʻia nā kaʻaahi e nā locomotives mahu. No kahi o 30 mau makahiki "The Tube", e like me kā ka ʻEnelani i kapa ai, noho mau ia ke ala like ma ka honua. Ma 1892 wale nō i wehe ka metro ma Chicago (USA), a ukali ʻia e nā subway ma Glasgow (UK), Budapest (Hungary) a me Boston USA).
11. Ke hoʻomohala nei ka metro ma Moscow a me Petersburg ma kahi o nā ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe. ʻOiai hoʻokomo ʻia nā kikowaena hou i ka metro ma Moscow i kēlā me kēia makahiki, a ke hoʻomaikaʻi mau ʻia nei ka pūnaewele metro, ma St. Petersburg, hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka hoʻomohala. Ua wehe ʻia ʻelua mau kikowaena - Novokrestovskaya a me Begovaya i ka makahiki 2018. ʻO ka manawa a ko lākou wehe ʻana e kūlike me ka FIFA World Cup, a ʻo ke kālā i loaʻa mai kahi papahana pekelala. I ka 2019, ua wehe ʻia ke kahua Shushary, e wehe ana ma 2017. No ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka metro, ʻaʻohe lawa o ka waiwai kālā o St. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo e uku kālā i ke kūkulu ʻana i nā laina hou a me nā keena e like me ka hoʻolālā Moscow - ke komo nei ka metro i ka halihali ʻana o nā mea kaʻa, a hoʻonui ke aupuni kūlanakauhale i kāna kālā ponoʻī - holomua ma muli o ka nele o nā kumuwaiwai i ka waihona kūloko. No laila, i kēia manawa ua ʻōlelo akahele loa nā luna o St. Petersburg e pili ana i ka ulu ʻana o ka metro. E wehe nā keʻena hou he nui i Moscow i nā makahiki e hiki mai ana.
12. Ma waho aʻe o Moscow a me St. Petersburg, hana ka metro ma Lūkia ma 5 mau kūlanakauhale ʻē aʻe: Nizhny Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Samara, Yekaterinburg a me Kazan. ʻO kēia mau subway āpau, he hōʻike ia o ka hapa nui o nā hoʻolālā Soviet, no laila ke kahaha paha nā hopena o ka hana o nā subway. ʻO kahi laʻana, ʻo ka metro ʻo Novosibirsk, ʻo ia nā laina 2 me 13 mau kikowaena, lawe ʻekolu mau manawa hou aku i kēlā me kēia makahiki ma mua o ka Nizhegorodskoye metro (2 laina, 15 kahua. E like paha me Nizhny Novgorod, ke kaʻa kaʻa kaʻa hele (ma kahi o 30 miliona mau kānaka i ka makahiki) e lawelawe ʻia e ka metro Kazan (laina 1, 11 kū. A i ka lua wale nō o ke kahua ʻo Kazan, Samara, 14 miliona wale nō ka poʻe e hoʻohana ana i nā lawelawe metro.
13. I ke alaloa o Nu Ioka, holo nā kaʻaahi ma ke kumu like e like me ka neʻe ʻana o ka halihali ʻāina ma nā kūlanakauhale ʻo Rūsia. ʻO ia, i mea e haʻalele ai i ke ala kūpono, ʻaʻole lawa iā ʻoe e ʻike i ka laina metro a me ke kuhikuhi o ka neʻe ("mai ke kikowaena" a i ʻole "i ke kikowaena"). Hiki ke pio kahi kaʻaahi i ke ala kūpono a hele i kahi ala ʻē aʻe. No laila, pono i ka ohua e ʻike i ka helu ala, me ka hoʻohui pinepine ʻana i kahi leka, a e ʻike hoʻi ʻaʻole ʻo ke kaʻaahi e hiki mai ana kahi kaʻaahi māmā. Inā ma Moscow kahi huakaʻi ma ka laina ʻo Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya ma ke kahua Mitino a hele i kahi kaʻaahi e hele ana i ke kikowaena, hiki iā ia ke maopopo e hiki aku ʻo ia i ke kahua Semyonovskaya o ka laina like. Ma NūIoka, akā naʻe, ʻo ia kahi ohua, ke hilinaʻi nei i ka papahana, holo i ka makaʻu o ka hoʻokele ma kahi hewa.
14. I kāna mōʻaukala, ʻaʻole i hana ka metro Moscow ma ʻOkakopa 16, 1941 wale nō. I kēia lā, hoʻomaka ka makaʻu ma Moscow, i hoʻokumu ʻia e kekahi breakthrough o nā pūʻali koa Kelemania. I ke alakaʻi ʻana o ka metro, ua hoʻonui ʻia ia e ke kauoha a ka People's Commissar of Railways Lazar Kaganovich, i hele mai i ka lā ma mua, e hoʻomākaukau i ka metro no ka luku, a me nā kaʻa no ka haʻalele. Holo wale ka luna waena. Ua mālama lākou i nā mea i ka lā hoʻokahi, haʻalele nā kaʻaahi ma hope o ka ʻaina awakea ma ʻOkakopa 17. ʻO ka metro, e like me ka mea i manaʻo ʻia, hana ʻo ia ma ke ʻano he puʻupuʻu. Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana: ma ka hōʻailona "Air raid" ua hemo nā ala pili, ua pale ʻia nā ala e nā pale lāʻau, a lilo i papahele. Ua loaʻa i ke kaua nā mea make i loko o ka metro - ua luku ʻia kahi pōkā lele e nā kānaka he 16 ma ke keʻena pāpaʻu ʻo Arbatskaya, a i kekahi lā aʻe ma kēia kahua ua make he 46 poʻe i kahi stampede ma muli o kahi hoʻouka kaua koke. Akā ua hāʻawi ke metro i ke ola - i ka wā o ke kaua ua hānau ʻia ma mua o 200 mau keiki ma lalo o ka honua.
15. Ma ke ʻano hoʻohālikelike o nā manaʻo e pili ana i ka mea kākau o ka Moscow metro logo - ka leka ʻulaʻula "M", ʻike maopopo ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ke kaiāulu. Ma mua o ke Kaua Honua ʻElua, ua waiwai nā ʻoihana "mea" ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa: ka limahana limahana, ʻenekinia kīwila, etc.I loko o kekahi o ko O'Henry mau moʻolelo, hoʻolauna kekahi polopeka ʻAmelika iā ia iho i nā mākua o kāna ipo wahine ma ke ʻano he bricklayer, no ka mea he polofesa ia a he aha kāna hana ma ka laulā? Inā ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻopā i ka hopena o kāu hana me kou mau lima a noi ʻia i ke ola maoli, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi e lawelawe ʻoe i ka poʻe e hana ana, a ʻo ka mea ʻino loa he jester ʻoe. Ma muli o kēia ʻano, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu ʻia ka mea kākau o ka huapalapala mua loa "M", i hōʻike ʻia ma nā kahua o ke kahua paʻa o Moscow ma 1935. Aia he hoʻokūkū lehulehu me kahi makana, akā ua kūleʻa. ʻIke maopopo ia ua hānau ʻia ka hōʻailona ma ke keʻena kuhikuhipuʻuone o Metrostroy. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia keʻena e Samuil Kravets kaulana, nāna i kūkulu ka Derzhprom a me ke kūkulu ʻana i ke Aupuni o ka SSR Ukrainian ma Kharkov. ʻO ʻIvana Taranov ka limahana poʻokela o ka ʻoihana, ka mea i loaʻa ka lima i nā papahana o nā kikowaena a pau o ka pae mua. Ua huki kekahi o lākou i ka leka kaulana. ʻAʻole i komo i loko o ko lākou poʻo e haʻaheo o kahi mea liʻiliʻi e like me "hana logo". Akā i ka manawa i 2014 i hoʻololi ʻia ai ka lōkō o ka metro ʻo Moscow, ua hana ʻia kahi lumi piha o kahi hoʻolālā kaulana i kēia. I ka pau ʻana o ka hana, ua haʻaheo ka mea nona ke keʻena ua hana maikaʻi kāna hui.
