Pafnutiy Lvovich Chebyshev (1821-1894) - Lūkini makemakika a me ka mīkini, hoʻokumu o ke kula makemakika o St. Petersburg, kālaiʻike o ka St. Petersburg Academy of Science a me 24 mau kula ʻē aʻe o ka honua. Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia kekahi o nā makemakika nui loa o ka 19 kenekulia.
Ua loaʻa ʻo Chebyshev i nā hopena kiʻekiʻe ma ke kahua o ka helu helu a me ke kumumanaʻo kūpono. Hoʻolālā i ka manaʻo nui o nā polynomial orthogonal a me ke kumumanaʻo o nā hoʻokokoke like. ʻO ka mea nāna i hoʻokumu i ka manaʻo makemakika o ka synthesist o nā ʻano hana.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻomanaʻo o Chebyshev, a mākou e haʻi ai e pili ana i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, ma mua ou he moʻolelo pōkole o Pafnutiy Chebyshev.
Kawaihae o Chebyshev
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev ma ka lā 4 o Mei (16), 1821 ma ke kauhale o Akatovo (Kaluga moku). Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana o kahi mea waiwai ʻāina ʻo Lev Pavlovich a me kāna wahine ʻo Agrafena Ivanovna.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua loaʻa iā Pafnutiy kāna aʻo mua ma ka home. Ua aʻo kona makuahine iā ia i ka heluhelu a me ke kākau, a ua aʻo aku ko ka hoahānau o Avdotya iā ia i ka ʻōlelo Palani a me ka makemakika.
I ke kamaliʻi, ua aʻo ʻo Chebyshev i ke mele, a ua hōʻike nui i ka hoihoi i nā ʻano hana like ʻole. Hoʻonohonoho pinepine ke keikikāne i nā mea pāʻani mīkini like ʻole a me nā hāmeʻa.
I ka piha ʻana o 11 mau makahiki iā Pafnutiy, ua neʻe ʻo ia a me kona ʻohana i Moscow, kahi i hoʻomau ai i ke aʻo ʻia. Ua hoʻolimalima nā mākua i nā kumu i ka physics, makemakika a me ka Lākina no kā lāua keiki kāne.
I ka makahiki 1837 ua komo ʻo Chebyshev i ke Keʻena Physics and Matematika o ke Kulanui o Moscow, ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma laila a hiki i ka makahiki 1841. I ka hala ʻana o ʻelima mau makahiki, ua pale aku ʻo ia i ka puke kākau a kona haku e pili ana i ke kumuhana "Experience of element analysis of probability theory."
Ma hope o kekahi mau mahina, ua ʻae ʻia ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev ma ke ʻano he loea aʻoaʻo ma ke Kulanui o St. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā algebra kiʻekiʻe, nā geometry, nā mīkini hana a me nā aʻo ʻē aʻe.
Ka hana ʻepekema
I ka makahiki 29 o Chebyshev, ua lilo ʻo ia i polopeka ma ke Kulanui ʻo St. I kekahi mau makahiki ma hope mai ua hoʻouna ʻia ʻo ia i Great Britain, France, a laila i Belgian.
I loko o kēia manawa, ua loaʻa i ka moʻomeheu o Paphnutiy ka nui o ka ʻike pono. Ua aʻo ʻo ia i ka hana ʻenekini haole, a kamaʻāina pū kekahi me ke ʻano o nā ʻoihana ʻenehana e hana ana i nā huahana like ʻole.
Eia hou, ua launa ʻo Chebyshev i nā makemakika kaulana, e like me Augustin Cauchy, Jean Bernard Leon Foucault a me James Sylvester.
I kona hōʻea ʻana i Rūsia, ua hoʻomau ʻo Paphnutiy i ka hana ʻepekema, e hoʻomohala ana i kāna mau manaʻo ponoʻī. No kāna hana ma ke kumumanaʻo o hinged parallelograms a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā hana, ua koho ʻia ʻo ia i mea aʻo maʻamau.
ʻO ka makemake nui o Chebyshev i ka helu kuhi, hoʻohana i ka makemakika, ka manaʻo hiki, ke anaomoma, ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i nā hana a me ka loiloi makemakika.
I ka makahiki 1851, ua paʻi ka ʻepekema i kāna hana kaulana "Ma ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka helu o nā helu mua ʻaʻole ʻoi aku i ka waiwai i hāʻawi ʻia." Ua hoʻolaʻa ʻia ʻo ia i ka helu helu. Ua hoʻokau ʻo ia i kahi hoʻokokoke maikaʻi loa - ka logarithm integral.
ʻO kā Chebyshev hana i lawe iā ia i kaulana i ka Europa. I hoʻokahi makahiki ma hope mai, ua paʻi ʻo ia i kahi ʻatikala "On primes", kahi āna i kālailai ai i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā moʻo e pili ana i nā helu mua, a helu ʻia kahi pae no kā lākou hui ʻana.
ʻO Pafnutiy Chebyshev ʻo ia ka makemakika Lūkini kūlana honua mua loa i ke kumumanaʻo kūpono. I kāna hana "Ma ka awelika waiwai" ʻo ia ka mea mua e hōʻoia i ke kuanaʻike i ʻike ʻia i kēia lā e pili ana i ke kumumanaʻo o kahi loli maʻamau, ʻo ia kekahi o nā manaʻo kumu o ke kumumanaʻo o ka likelihood
Ua loaʻa ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev i kahi kūleʻa nui i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o nā hana. Ua hoʻolilo ʻo ia ma kahi o 40 mau makahiki o kona ola i kēia kumuhana. Ua waiho a hoʻoponopono ʻia ka makemakika i ka pilikia o ka ʻimi ʻana i nā polynomial e ʻemi iki aʻe mai ka ʻole.
Ma hope e hoʻohana ʻia nā helu a Chebyshev i ka algebra linear computational.
I ka manawa like, ua noiʻi ke kanaka i ka loiloi makemakika a me ke ʻano pae honua. ʻO ia ka mea kākau o kahi theorem e pili ana i nā kūlana integrability no kahi binomial ʻokoʻa.
Ma hope ua paʻi ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev i kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i ka geometry ʻokoʻa, ma lalo o ke poʻo inoa "Ma ke ʻoki ʻana i ka lole." I loko o ia mea, ua hoʻolauna ʻo ia i kahi papa hou o nā grids hoʻohui - "Nā pūnaewele Chebyshev".
No nā makahiki he nui i hana ʻo Chebyshev i ka ʻoihana kaua o ka pūʻali koa, e kiʻi ana i kahi kī ʻoi aku ka mamao a pololei mai nā pū. ʻO ke kumumanaʻo Chebyshev no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka laulā o kahi papahana e pili ana i kāna kiloi hoʻolei, mālama ʻia ka wikiwiki a me ke kū ʻana o ka ea i mālama ʻia a hiki i kēia lā.
Ua nānā nui ʻo Pafnutiy i ke kumumanaʻo o nā ʻano hana, āna i hoʻolaʻa ai e pili ana i nā ʻatikala he 15. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi loa ma lalo o ka mana o nā kūkākūkā ʻana me Chebyshev, ua hoihoi ka poʻe ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo James Sylvester lāua ʻo Arthur Cayley i nā pilikia o nā kinematics o nā ʻano hana.
I nā makahiki 1850, ua hoʻomaka ka makemakika e noiʻi hohonu i nā ʻano pilina pili hinge. Ma hope o ka nui o ka helu ʻana a me ka hoʻokolohua ʻana, ua hana ʻo ia i kumumanaʻo o nā hana e ʻeʻe iki ana mai ka ʻole.
Ua wehewehe ʻo Chebyshev i kāna mau ʻike i ke kikoʻī i loko o ka puke "Theory of mechanicals i kapa ʻia ʻo parallelograms", a lilo i mea hoʻokumu i ke kumumanaʻo o ka makemakika o ka synthesis o nā ʻano hana.
Hoʻolālā mīkini
I loko o nā makahiki o kāna moʻomeheu ʻepekema, ua hoʻolālā ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev ma mua o 40 mau ʻano ʻokoʻa a ma kahi o 80 o kā lākou loli. Hoʻohana ʻia ka hapa nui o lākou i kēia mau lā i ka kaʻa a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea kani.
Ua hoʻomohala ka ʻepekema ʻelua mau ʻano alakaʻi alakaʻi - ʻano like lambda a me ke keʻa.
I ka 1876, ua hōʻike ʻia ka ʻenekini mahu o Chebyshev ma ka World Fair ma Piladelapia, a he nui nā mea maikaʻi i loaʻa. Ua hana ʻo ia i kahi "plantigrade machine" i hoʻohālike i ka hele ʻana o nā holoholona.
I ka makahiki 1893, ʻākoakoa ʻo Pafnutiy Chebyshev i kahi noho huila mua, he noho scooter nō ia. Eia hou, ʻo ka mīkini ka mea nāna i hana i ka mīkini hoʻohui aunoa, i kēia lā hiki ke ʻike ʻia ma ka Hale Hōʻikeʻike o Paris a me nā Hana Lima.
ʻAʻole kēia o nā mea hou a Pafnutiy i hana ai, i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kā lākou hana ʻana a me ka hoʻokokoke ʻana i ka ʻoihana.
Haʻawina pedagogical
Ma ke ʻano he lālā o ke kōmike o ka Ministry of Education Public, ua hoʻomaikaʻi ʻo Chebyshev i nā puke a hana i nā papahana no nā keiki kula. Ua hakakā ʻo ia e hoʻomohala a hōʻano hou i ka ʻōnaehana hoʻonaʻauao.
Ua ʻōlelo nā poʻe o Pafnutius he kanaka haʻi'ōlelo maikaʻi a hoʻonohonoho pono ʻo ia. Ua kūleʻa ʻo ia i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mākia o kēlā hui o nā makemakika, a ma hope ua kapa ʻia ʻo St. Petersburg Matematika Kula.
Ua noho hoʻokahi ʻo Chebyshev i kona ola a pau, e hoʻolilo ana i kona manawa āpau i ka ʻepekema wale nō.
Make
Ua make ʻo Pafnuti Lvovich Chebyshev ma Nowemapa 26 (Kekemapa 8), 1894 i ka makahiki 73. Ua make pono ʻo ia ma ka pākaukau.
Nā kiʻi Chebyshev
