ʻO Bertrand Arthur William Russell, ʻO 3 Earl Russell (1872-1970) - kālaiʻike Pelekania, mea loea, makemakika, mea kākau, mea mōʻaukala a me nā ʻano lehulehu. Hoʻolaha o pacifism a me atheism. Ua hana ʻo ia i mea kōkua nui i ka loiloi makemakika, ka mōʻaukala o ka akeakamai a me ke kumumanaʻo o ka ʻike.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ʻo Russell kekahi o nā hoʻokumu o neorealism a me neopositivism English. I 1950 ua hāʻawi ʻia ka makana Nobel ma ka palapala. Ua manaʻo ʻia kekahi o nā mea loea uila o ka 20 kenekulia.
Nui a hewahewa nā mea i hoihoi ʻia i loko o ka moʻolelo pilikino ʻo Russell, a mākou e kamaʻilio ai i kēia ʻatikala.
No laila, eia kahi moʻolelo pōkole o Bertrand Russell.
ʻO kā Pilia moʻolelo moʻomeheu
Ua hānau ʻia ʻo Bertrand Russell ma Mei 18, 1872 ma ke kalana ʻo Welsh o Monmouthshire. Ua ulu ʻo ia a hānai ʻia i loko o ka ʻohana aristocratic o John Russell lāua ʻo Katherine Stanley, no ka lālani kahiko o ka poʻe kālaiʻāina a me nā ʻepekema.
ʻO kona makuakāne ke keiki a ke Kuhina Nui o ʻEnelani a me ke alakaʻi o ka ʻaoʻao Whig. Ma waho o Bertrand, he keikikāne kāna mau mākua ʻo Frank a me kahi kaikamahine ʻo Rachel.
ʻO ke kamaliʻi a me ka ʻōpio
Ua ʻike ʻia ka lehulehu o ko Bertrand ʻohana e ko lākou aʻo a me ko lākou kūlana kiʻekiʻe i ka nohona. ʻO Russell Sr. kekahi o nā mea hoʻokumu i ka pacifism, ʻo ke kumumanaʻo i hana ʻia i ka 19 kenekulia a lilo i mea kaulana i nā makahiki he nui i hala. I ka wā e hiki mai ana, e lilo ke keikikāne i mea kākoʻo nui i ka manaʻo o kona makuakāne.
Ua hakakā ikaika ka makuahine o Bertrand no nā kuleana o nā wahine, ka mea i loaʻa ka inaina mai ka Mōʻī Wahine Victoria.
ʻO kahi mea hoihoi i ka makahiki 4, lilo ka mea akeakamai i kahi keiki makua ʻole. I ka mua, ua make kona makuahine i ka diphtheria, a i kekahi mau makahiki ʻelua ma hope ua make kona makuakāne i ka bronchitis.
ʻO ka hopena, hānai ʻia nā keiki e ko lākou tūtū wahine, ʻo Countess Russell, ka mea i pili i ka manaʻo Puritan. Ua hana ka wahine i nā mea āpau e hoʻolako i kāna moʻopuna i kahi aʻo kūpono.
ʻOiai i ka wā kamaliʻi, ua ulu ka hoihoi o Bertrand i nā wahi like ʻole o ka ʻepekema kūlohelohe. Nui ka manawa a ke keikikāne i heluhelu ai i nā puke, a makemake pū i ka makemakika. He mea kūpono ia e hoʻomaopopo i kēlā manawa ua haʻi aku ʻo ia i ka helu haipule ʻaʻole ʻo ia i manaʻoʻiʻo i ke ola o ka Mea Hana.
I ka piha ʻana o nā makahiki 17, ua holomua ʻo Russell i nā hōʻike ma Trinity College, Cambridge. Ua loaʻa iā ia kahi kekelē laepua.
I loko o kēia wā o kāna moʻomeheu, ua hoihoi ʻo ia i nā hana a John Locke lāua ʻo David Hume. Hoʻohui ʻia, ua aʻo ʻo ia i nā hana hoʻokele waiwai a Karl Marx.
Nā hana a me nā hana akeakamai
Ma hope o kona lilo ʻana i puka, ua koho ʻia ʻo Bertrand Russell i diplomat Pelekane, ma mua ma Palani a laila i Kelemania. I ka makahiki 1986 ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka hana nui "German Social Democracy", a ua kaulana ʻo ia.
I ka hoʻi ʻana i ka home, ʻae ʻia ʻo Russell e hāʻawi i nā haʻi ʻōlelo e pili ana i ka hoʻokele waiwai ma Ladana, a ʻo ia ka mea i kaulana ai ʻo ia.
I ka makahiki 1900, ua loaʻa iā ia ke kono i ka World Philosophical Congress ma Palisa, kahi i hiki ai iā ia ke launa me nā ʻepekema honua.
I 1908, lilo ʻo Bertrand i lālā o ka Royal Society, ke alakaʻi ʻepekema alakaʻi i Pelekane. Ma hope mai, i ka laulima ʻana me Whitehead, ua paʻi ʻo ia i ka puke ʻo Principia Mathematica, i hōʻike ʻia iā ia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. Ua ʻōlelo nā mea kākau e unuhi ke akeakamai i nā ʻepekema kūlohelohe a pau, a lilo ke kumumanaʻo i kumu o kekahi noiʻi.
Ua manaʻo nā kānaka ʻepekema ʻelua e hiki ke hopu ʻia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo ma ka empirically, ʻo ia hoʻi, ma o ka ʻike sensory. Ua nānā nui ʻo Russell i ka hanana mokuʻāina, e hōʻino ana i ka kapitalisme.
Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa ke kāne e holo ʻia nā wahi āpau o ka ʻoihana e ka poʻe hana, ʻaʻole na nā mea kālepa a me nā luna. ʻIke ia ua kāhea ʻo ia i ka ikaika o ka mokuʻāina ke kumu nui o nā pōʻino āpau ma ka honua. I nā mea o ke koho balota, kākoʻo ʻo ia i ka like o nā kāne a me nā wahine.
Ma ka pō o ke Kaua Honua Mua (1914-1918) ua hoʻopiha ʻia ʻo Russell me nā manaʻo o ka pacifism. He lālā ʻo ia o ke kaiāulu - "Counteraction to conscription", ka mea i hoʻonāukiuki i waena o ke aupuni o kēia manawa. Ua koi aku ua kāne nei i kona mau hoapapa e hōʻole e lawelawe i ka pūʻali koa, a no ia mea i hoʻokolokolo ʻia ai ʻo ia.
Ua hoʻoholo ka ʻaha e hoʻāla i kahi uku mai Bertrand, kāʻili i kāna hale waihona puke a hoʻonele iā ia i ka manawa kūpono e kipa aku ai iā ʻAmelika e haʻi ʻōlelo. Akā hoʻi, ʻaʻole ia i haʻalele i kāna mau kuhihewa, a no nā ʻōlelo kūpilikiʻi i ka 1918 ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia i ka hale paʻahao no ʻeono mahina.
I loko o ke keʻena, ua kākau ʻo Russell i kahi Hoʻomaka e pili ana i ka Philosophy Makemakika. A hiki i ka hopena o ke kaua, hoʻomau ʻo ia i ka hana i nā hana anti-war, me ka paipai nui ʻana i kāna mau manaʻo. Ma hope, ua ʻae ke akeakamai ua mahalo ʻo ia i nā Bolsheviks, ka mea i hoʻonui i ka ʻoluʻolu ʻole i waena o nā luna.
I 1920, ua hele ʻo Bertrand Russell i Lūkia, kahi i noho ai ma kahi o hoʻokahi mahina. Kamaʻilio pū ʻo ia me Lenin, Trotsky, Gorky a me Blok. Hoʻohui ʻia, hāʻawi ʻia iā ia ka manawa kūpono e haʻi ʻōlelo ma ka Petrograd Matematika Hui.
I kona manawa kaʻawale, ua kamaʻilio ʻo Russell me nā makaʻāinana a lilo i mea hōʻeha nui me Bolshevism. Ma hope, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e hōʻino i ka komunism, e kapa ana iā ia iho he socialist. I ka manawa like, ua ʻōlelo ʻo ia, i kekahi ʻano, pono ka honua i ka kamaʻilio.
Ua hōʻike ka ʻepekema i kāna mau manaʻo no ka huakaʻi i Rūsia ma ka puke "Bolshevism a me ke Komohana". Ma hope o kēlā, ua kipa ʻo ia i Kina, a ʻo kahi hopena i paʻi ʻia ai kāna hana hou i kapa ʻia ʻo "Ka pilikia o Kina."
I ka wā o ka moʻomeheu o 1924-1931. Ua haʻi ʻōlelo ʻo Russell ma nā kūlanakauhale like ʻole o ʻAmelika. I ka manawa like, lilo ʻo ia i hoihoi i ka petagogy. Ua hoʻohewa ka mea noʻonoʻo i ka ʻōnaehana ʻike Pelekane, e koi ana i nā keiki e hoʻomohala i ka noʻonoʻo, a me ka hoʻopau ʻana i ka chauvinism a me ka bureaucracy.
I ka makahiki 1929, ua paʻi ʻo Bertrand i ka male a me ka pono, no laila i loaʻa iā ia ka makana Nobel no ka palapala i ka makahiki 1950. ʻO ka hana ʻana i nā mea kaua nukelea i hoʻokaumaha loa i ka mea akeakamai, ka mea i loko o kona ola i kāhea aku ai i ka poʻe i ka maluhia a me ke kūlike me ke kūlohelohe.
I ka waenakonu o 1930, ua hoʻohewa ākea ʻo Russell iā Bolshevism a me ka fascism, e hāʻawi ana i nā hana i kēia kumuhana. ʻO ka hoʻokokoke ʻana o ke Kaua Honua II ua koi iā ia e noʻonoʻo hou i kāna mau manaʻo e pili ana i ka pacifism. Ma hope o ko Hitler paʻa ʻana iā Polani, ua haʻalele hou ʻo ia i ka pacifism.
Eia kekahi, ua kāhea ʻo Bertrand Russell iā Pelekane a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa e hana pū i ka hana pūʻali koa. I 1940 lilo ʻo ia i Polopeka o Philosophy ma City College o New York. Ua hoʻonāukiuki kēia i waena o nā kāhuna pule, a ua kūʻē ʻo ia iā ia a ua hoʻāʻo ʻia i ka hoʻomana akua ʻole.
Ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ke kaua, ua hoʻomau ʻo Russell i ke kākau ʻana i nā puke hou, i ka ʻōlelo ma ka lekiō, a me ka haʻi ʻōlelo ʻana i nā haumāna. Ma ke kau waena o 1950, ua kākoʻo ʻo ia i ke kulekele Cold War no ka mea ua manaʻoʻiʻo ʻo ia ka mea hiki ke pale aku i ke Kaua Honua ʻEkolu.
I kēia manawa, ua hoʻohewa ka ʻepekema i ka USSR a ua manaʻo ʻia he pono e koi aku i ke alakaʻi Soviet e waiho i ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa ma lalo o ka hoʻoweliweli o nā pōpoki atomic. Eia nō naʻe, ma hope o ka hōʻike ʻana o ka pōkā atomika i ka Soviet Union, ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia e kākoʻo i ka pāpā piha ʻana i nā mea kaua nukelea a puni ka honua.
Ka hana kaiaulu
I ke kaʻina o ka hakakā no ka maluhia, ua kāhea ʻo Bertrand Russell i ke kanaka āpau e haʻalele i nā mea kaua nukelea, ʻoiai ma ia kaua ʻaʻole e loaʻa nā mea lanakila, ʻo ka poʻe eo wale nō.
ʻO ka Russell-Einstein Declaration of Protest ka mea i alakaʻi ʻia i ka hoʻokumu ʻia o ka Pugwash Scientists Movement, kahi neʻe e kākoʻo ana i ka disarmament a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaua thermonuclear. ʻO nā hana a ka poʻe Pelekania i hoʻolilo iā ia i kekahi o nā koa maluhia kaulana loa.
Ma ke kiʻekiʻe o ka pilikia missile Cuban, huli ʻo Russell i nā alakaʻi o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa a me ka USSR - John F. Kennedy lāua ʻo Nikita Khrushchev, e koi ana iā lākou i ka pono no nā kūkākūkā maluhia. Ma hope, ua hoʻohewa ka mea akeakamai i ke komo ʻana o nā pūʻali koa i Czechoslovakia, a me ke komo pū ʻana o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i ke kaua ma Vietnam.
Ke ola pilikino
I loko o nā makahiki o kāna pilikino pilikino, ua male ʻo Bertrand Russell i nā manawa 4, a he nui hoʻi nā haku wahine. ʻO kāna wahine mua ʻo Alice Smith, ka mea i kūleʻa ʻole kāna male.
Ma hope o kēlā, he pōkole kā ke kāne me nā kaikamahine like ʻole, ʻo Ottolin Morrell, Helen Dudley, Irene Cooper Ullis a me Constance Malleson. ʻO ka lua o ka manawa i iho ai ʻo Russell i ke ala me ka mea kākau ʻo Dora Black. I kēia hui ʻana, he keikikāne a he kaikamahine kā lāua.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu, ua hoʻoholo lāua e haʻalele, ʻoiai ua hoʻomaka ka mea noʻonoʻo i kahi hihia me ka ʻōpio ʻo Joan Falwell, i hala ma kahi o 3 mau makahiki. I ka makahiki 1936, ua noi ʻo ia iā Patricia Spencer, ke aupuni o kāna mau keiki, nāna i ʻae e lilo i wahine nāna. ʻO kahi mea hoihoi ʻo Bertrand he 38 mau makahiki i ʻoi aku i kāna mea i wae ʻia.
ʻAʻole i liʻuliʻu he keiki kāne a ka wahine hou. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i mālama ka hānau ʻana o kahi keikikāne i kēia male. I ka 1952, ua haʻalele ka mea noʻonoʻo i kāna wahine, a aloha aku me ka mea kākau ʻo Edith Fing.
Ua hui pū lākou i nā hōʻuluʻulu, huakaʻi i nā ʻāina like ʻole a hana i nā hana anti-militarist.
Make
Ua make ʻo Bertrand Russell ma Pepeluali 2, 1970 i ka makahiki 97. ʻO ka maʻi palū ke kumu o kona make ʻana. Ua kanu ʻia ʻo ia ma Gwyneth County, Welsh.
I kēia lā, makemake nui ʻia nā hana a ka Briton. I loko o nā manaʻo i ka hōʻiliʻili hoʻomanaʻo "Bertrand Russell - Philosopher o ke au" ua ʻike ʻia ʻo kā Russell hāʻawi ʻana i ka loiloi makemakika ka mea nui a koʻikoʻi hoʻi mai ka manawa o Aristotle.
Nā kiʻi na Bertrand Russell
